refactor(e2b): narrow the sandbox POC

2026-07-30 04:25:47 +08:00
parent bb0be75d85
commit de77310c6f
37 changed files with 176 additions and 881 deletions
--- a/packages/e2b/README.i18n.yaml
+++ b/packages/e2b/README.i18n.yaml
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # side as of the last confirmed-consistent state. Both languages carry equal authority;
 # after editing either side, bring the other along and re-record with:
 #   pnpm run verify-translation-pairing --write packages/e2b/README.md
-README.md: cb733ba00d21070773ff9b381e4a72d9d3b9a8df
-README.zh.md: 29f8e58a0cdc59098cf8d74120cb360d11cfbcb3
+README.md: 3c85b2790d3414af73625e65732df58ff9fec566
+README.zh.md: a759539fc054dd68e75f3c7660ccc3b762985af5
--- a/packages/e2b/README.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/README.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ An experimental provider-composition POC that places one filesystem/process exec

 | Package | ctx key | Role |
 |---|---|---|
-| [`e2b`](e2b/README.md) (`@deepseek-ai/dsh-e2b`) | `ctx.e2b` | Create or reconnect one sandbox, create its working/runtime directories, expose the shared SDK handle, and apply the configured kill/pause/leave disposition |
+| [`e2b`](e2b/README.md) (`@deepseek-ai/dsh-e2b`) | `ctx.e2b` | Create one sandbox, prepare its working/runtime directories, expose the shared SDK handle, and delete it on timeout or disposal |
 | [`fs-e2b`](fs-e2b/README.md) (`@deepseek-ai/dsh-fs-e2b`) | `ctx.fs` | Implement the filesystem seam over E2B Filesystem APIs |
 | [`subprocess-e2b`](subprocess-e2b/README.md) (`@deepseek-ai/dsh-subprocess-e2b`) | `ctx.subprocess` | Implement executable lookup, managed process groups and stdio, remote spill files, and terminal sessions over E2B Commands and PTY APIs |

--- a/packages/e2b/README.zh.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/README.zh.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@

 | 包（package） | ctx 键 | 职责 |
 |---|---|---|
-| [`e2b`](e2b/README.md)（`@deepseek-ai/dsh-e2b`） | `ctx.e2b` | 创建或重新连接一个沙箱，创建其工作目录与运行时目录，公开共享 SDK 句柄，并应用配置的 kill/pause/leave 处置方式 |
+| [`e2b`](e2b/README.md)（`@deepseek-ai/dsh-e2b`） | `ctx.e2b` | 创建一个沙箱，准备其工作目录与运行时目录，公开共享 SDK 句柄，并在超时或资源释放时将其删除 |
 | [`fs-e2b`](fs-e2b/README.md)（`@deepseek-ai/dsh-fs-e2b`） | `ctx.fs` | 通过 E2B Filesystem API 实现文件系统 seam |
 | [`subprocess-e2b`](subprocess-e2b/README.md)（`@deepseek-ai/dsh-subprocess-e2b`） | `ctx.subprocess` | 通过 E2B Commands 与 PTY API 实现可执行文件查找、受管进程组与 stdio、远程 spill 文件及终端会话 |

--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/README.i18n.yaml
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/README.i18n.yaml
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # side as of the last confirmed-consistent state. Both languages carry equal authority;
 # after editing either side, bring the other along and re-record with:
 #   pnpm run verify-translation-pairing --write packages/e2b/e2b/README.md
-README.md: 6881556dc18497956966aff74adc085d8e8620d3
-README.zh.md: aea13f341f903e6c47b7484f477bf54cebf101c6
+README.md: 6045b313a91edafc25361eba3f3c4dacf56b4eb0
+README.zh.md: dc157d9b5167488530c7d63b59aed793ab6aa4c7
--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/README.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/README.md
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ Shared lifecycle owner for one E2B sandbox. The filesystem and subprocess adapte
  config:
    cwd: /home/user/workspace
    timeoutMs: 300000
-    onTimeout: pause
-    onDispose: kill

 - id: subprocess-e2b
  name: '@deepseek-ai/dsh-subprocess-e2b'
@@ -22,17 +20,13 @@ Shared lifecycle owner for one E2B sandbox. The filesystem and subprocess adapte
  name: '@deepseek-ai/dsh-fs-e2b'
 ```

-`apiKey` is optional and otherwise reads `E2B_API_KEY`; the key configures the host SDK connection and is never installed in the sandbox. `cwd` defaults to `/home/user/workspace` and must be an absolute POSIX path. `timeoutMs` defaults to five minutes. `onTimeout` is `pause` by default and accepts `pause | kill`; it applies only when this service creates a sandbox. Pause-on-timeout enables E2B auto-resume so the shared SDK handle wakes on its next operation. `onDispose` defaults to `kill` and accepts `kill | pause | leave`.
-
-Set `sandboxId` to reconnect a running or paused sandbox instead of creating one. E2B resumes a paused sandbox during connect; `template` and `onTimeout` are creation-only and cannot accompany `sandboxId`. Omitting `template` uses E2B's default base template.
+`apiKey` is optional and otherwise reads `E2B_API_KEY`; the key configures the host SDK connection and is never installed in the sandbox. `cwd` defaults to `/home/user/workspace` and must be an absolute POSIX path. `timeoutMs` defaults to five minutes and controls the sandbox lifetime; expiry deletes the sandbox.

 ## Lifecycle and ownership

-Construction starts one create/connect operation. Before resolving `getSandbox()`, the service creates `cwd` and the private `cwd/.dsh-e2b` adapter-state directory, verifies that the reserved path is a real directory rather than a symlink or another file type, then sets it to mode `0700`. Each adapter-internal E2B command shell receives a fresh randomized root-level `HOME`, so the SDK's fixed login shell does not resolve profile files from the mutable user home before the control command. `sandboxId` resolves to a branded `E2BSandboxId` after setup.
+Construction starts one sandbox creation. Before resolving `getSandbox()`, the service creates `cwd` and the private `cwd/.dsh-e2b` adapter-state directory, verifies that the reserved path is a real directory rather than a symlink or another file type, then sets it to mode `0700`. Each adapter-internal E2B command shell receives a fresh randomized root-level `HOME`, so the SDK's fixed login shell does not resolve profile files from the mutable user home before the control command.

-Disposal first prevents new handle acquisition, then awaits setup and applies exactly one configured disposition. A `SandboxNotFoundError` is accepted when disposal requests `kill`, or when this service created a sandbox with `onTimeout: kill`; otherwise, a not-found error from a requested `pause` rejects teardown because retention was not proved. A newly created sandbox is killed when initial directory setup fails; if that rollback fails, disposal retries it before releasing ownership. A reconnected sandbox is not killed on setup failure because the service did not create it. Provider plugins must load after this owner and dispose before it.
-
-`pause` and `leave` retain remote filesystem and adapter artifacts for a later `sandboxId` connection, but a later harness process receives only a new SDK handle. The subprocess service still fulfills its seam contract by terminating managed groups before owner disposal; neither disposition recovers prior process objects, output cursors, or in-memory adapter locks.
+Disposal first prevents new handle acquisition, then awaits setup and deletes the sandbox. A `SandboxNotFoundError` means expiry or another owner already deleted it and is accepted as quiescence. Initial directory setup failure also deletes the newly created sandbox; if that rollback fails, disposal retries it before releasing ownership. Provider plugins must load after this owner and dispose before it.

 ## Model Experience

@@ -45,6 +39,6 @@ No direct invalidation; this package does not contribute request tokens.
 ## Known Limitations and Deferred Work

 - **This is not a whole-harness runtime** — Cordis services, agent/session state, session logs, LLM requests, skills, and SDK-side buffers stay in the host process.
- **Retained sandboxes do not restore host handles** — reconnect preserves remote files and adapter artifacts, but cannot reconstruct subprocess handles, stream cursors, or mutation locks; managed subprocesses terminate when their service disposes.
- **No deployment platform is configured** — templates, volumes, snapshots, network policy, host-workspace synchronization, and sandbox discovery are outside this POC.
- **`cwd` is a resolution convention, not containment** — adapters and commands can address other sandbox paths; E2B network access also retains the template's policy.
+- **Sandbox state is ephemeral** — disposal and timeout delete the sandbox; reconnect, pause/leave retention, templates, volumes, and snapshots are outside this POC.
+- **No deployment platform is configured** — network policy, host-workspace synchronization, and sandbox discovery are outside this POC.
+- **`cwd` is a resolution convention, not containment** — adapters and commands can address other sandbox paths; E2B network access retains the base image's policy.
--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/README.zh.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/README.zh.md
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
  config:
    cwd: /home/user/workspace
    timeoutMs: 300000
-    onTimeout: pause
-    onDispose: kill

 - id: subprocess-e2b
  name: '@deepseek-ai/dsh-subprocess-e2b'
@@ -22,17 +20,13 @@
  name: '@deepseek-ai/dsh-fs-e2b'
 ```

-`apiKey` 可省略；省略时读取 `E2B_API_KEY`。该密钥只配置宿主 SDK 连接，绝不会安装进沙箱。`cwd` 默认为 `/home/user/workspace`，并且必须是绝对 POSIX 路径。`timeoutMs` 默认为 5 分钟。`onTimeout` 默认为 `pause`，接受 `pause | kill`；它只在本服务创建沙箱时生效。超时时 pause 会启用 E2B 自动恢复，使共享 SDK 句柄在下一次操作时唤醒。`onDispose` 默认为 `kill`，接受 `kill | pause | leave`。
-
-设置 `sandboxId` 可重新连接正在运行或已经暂停的沙箱，而不是创建新沙箱。连接时，E2B 会恢复已经暂停的沙箱；`template` 和 `onTimeout` 仅用于创建，不能与 `sandboxId` 同时使用。省略 `template` 时使用 E2B 的默认基础模板。
+`apiKey` 可省略；省略时读取 `E2B_API_KEY`。该密钥只配置宿主 SDK 连接，绝不会安装进沙箱。`cwd` 默认为 `/home/user/workspace`，并且必须是绝对 POSIX 路径。`timeoutMs` 默认为 5 分钟并控制沙箱生命周期；超时会删除沙箱。

 ## 生命周期与所有权

-构造阶段会启动一次 create/connect 操作。服务在 `getSandbox()` 结算前创建 `cwd` 和私有的 `cwd/.dsh-e2b` 适配器状态目录，验证该预留路径是真实目录而非符号链接或其他文件类型，再把该目录的 mode 设为 `0700`。每个适配器内部的 E2B 命令 shell 都会获得一个位于根目录下、全新随机生成的 `HOME`，因此 SDK 固定使用的登录 shell 不会在控制命令之前解析可变用户主目录中的配置文件。初始化完成后，`sandboxId` 会结算为品牌类型 `E2BSandboxId`。
+构造阶段会启动一次沙箱创建。服务在 `getSandbox()` 结算前创建 `cwd` 和私有的 `cwd/.dsh-e2b` 适配器状态目录，验证该预留路径是真实目录而非符号链接或其他文件类型，再把该目录的 mode 设为 `0700`。每个适配器内部的 E2B 命令 shell 都会获得一个位于根目录下、全新随机生成的 `HOME`，因此 SDK 固定使用的登录 shell 不会在控制命令之前解析可变用户主目录中的配置文件。

-资源释放会先阻止继续获取新句柄，再等待初始化完成，并且只应用一种已配置的处置方式。`SandboxNotFoundError` 仅在资源释放请求 `kill`，或本服务创建了配置为 `onTimeout: kill` 的沙箱时才可接受；否则，`pause` 请求返回的未找到错误会导致 teardown 拒绝，因为无法证明保留成功。新建沙箱的初始目录设置失败时，服务会终止该沙箱；如果该回滚失败，资源释放会在解除所有权前重试。重新连接的沙箱设置失败时不会被终止，因为它不是由本服务创建的。提供方插件必须在该所有者之后加载，并在其之前 dispose（资源释放）。
-
-`pause` 和 `leave` 会保留远程文件系统及适配器产物，供稍后的 `sandboxId` 连接使用，但后续 harness 进程只会获得新的 SDK 句柄。进程管理服务仍会履行其 seam 契约，在所有者释放前终止受管进程组；这两种处置方式都不会恢复先前的进程对象、输出游标或内存中的适配器锁。
+资源释放会先阻止继续获取新句柄，再等待初始化完成，然后删除沙箱。`SandboxNotFoundError` 表示沙箱已因超时或被另一个所有者删除，因此可视为完全停稳。初始目录设置失败时也会删除新建沙箱；如果该回滚失败，资源释放会在解除所有权前重试。提供方插件必须在该所有者之后加载，并在其之前 dispose（资源释放）。

 ## 模型体验

@@ -45,6 +39,6 @@
 ## 已知限制与延后工作

 - **这不是完整的 harness 运行时**：Cordis 服务、agent（智能体）／会话状态、会话日志、LLM（大语言模型）请求、skill（技能）和 SDK 侧缓冲仍留在宿主进程中。
- **保留的沙箱不会恢复宿主句柄**：重新连接会保留远程文件和适配器产物，但无法重建进程管理句柄、流游标或变更锁；进程管理服务 dispose 时会终止受管子进程。
- **没有配置部署平台**：模板、卷、快照、网络策略、宿主工作区同步和沙箱发现均不在本 POC 范围内。
- **`cwd` 是解析约定，而不是包含边界**：适配器和命令可以访问沙箱中的其他路径；E2B 网络访问也继续采用模板的策略。
+- **沙箱状态是短暂的**：资源释放和超时都会删除沙箱；重新连接、pause/leave 保留、模板、卷和快照均不在本 POC 范围内。
+- **没有配置部署平台**：网络策略、宿主工作区同步和沙箱发现均不在本 POC 范围内。
+- **`cwd` 是解析约定，而不是包含边界**：适配器和命令可以访问沙箱中的其他路径；E2B 网络访问也继续采用基础镜像的策略。
--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/package.json
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/package.json
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
  ],
  "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
  "peerDependencies": {
-    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-brand": "^0.0.1",
    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-invariants": "^0.0.1",
    "cordis": "^4.0.0-rc.7"
  },
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@
    "schemastery": "^3.18.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-brand": "workspace:^",
    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-invariants": "workspace:^",
    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-loader-smoke": "workspace:^",
    "cordis": "^4.0.0-rc.7"
--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,30 +9,15 @@ import { posix } from 'node:path'
 import { Context, Service } from 'cordis'
 import z from 'schemastery'
 import { FileType, Sandbox, SandboxNotFoundError } from 'e2b'
-import type { Branded } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-brand'

 export {
  CommandExitError,
  FileNotFoundError,
  FileType,
  Sandbox,
-  SandboxError,
  SandboxNotFoundError,
-  TimeoutError,
 } from 'e2b'
-export type { CommandHandle, CommandResult, EntryInfo, ProcessInfo, PtyOutput } from 'e2b'
-
-/** Opaque E2B sandbox identity used for reconnecting a later harness process. */
-export type E2BSandboxId = Branded<'E2BSandboxId'>
-
-/**
- * Brand an SDK sandbox id after E2B has created or resolved it.
- * @param value - E2B's opaque sandbox id.
- * @returns the same string with the harness brand.
- */
-export function E2BSandboxId(value: string): E2BSandboxId {
-  return value as E2BSandboxId
-}
+export type { CommandHandle, CommandResult, EntryInfo } from 'e2b'

 /**
 * Quote one opaque argument for the SDK's unavoidable `/bin/bash -l -c` layer.
@@ -54,44 +39,25 @@ export function e2bControlEnvs(
  return { ...overrides, HOME: `/.dsh-e2b-control-${randomUUID()}` }
 }

-/** Action taken on the owned sandbox when the Cordis service is disposed. */
-export type E2BDisposeMode = 'kill' | 'pause' | 'leave'
-
-/** Action E2B takes when a newly created sandbox reaches its lifetime. */
-export type E2BTimeoutMode = 'kill' | 'pause'
-
 /** Configuration for the shared E2B sandbox owner. */
 export interface Config {
  /** API key; omission reads `E2B_API_KEY`. It is never forwarded into the sandbox. */
  apiKey?: string
-  /** Existing sandbox to reconnect instead of creating a new one. */
-  sandboxId?: string
-  /** Template name or id for a newly created sandbox. */
-  template?: string
  /** Shared remote working directory, created before adapters receive the sandbox. */
  cwd?: string
-  /** E2B sandbox lifetime in milliseconds. */
+  /** E2B sandbox lifetime in milliseconds; expiry always deletes the sandbox. */
  timeoutMs?: number
-  /** E2B action when a newly created sandbox reaches `timeoutMs`. */
-  onTimeout?: E2BTimeoutMode
-  /** Disposal policy; `pause` and `leave` retain remote state for reconnect. */
-  onDispose?: E2BDisposeMode
 }

 interface ResolvedConfig {
  apiKey: string
  cwd: string
  timeoutMs: number
-  onTimeout: E2BTimeoutMode
-  onDispose: E2BDisposeMode
-  sandboxId?: string
-  template?: string
 }

 interface SchemaResolvedConfig extends Config {
  cwd: string
  timeoutMs: number
-  onDispose: E2BDisposeMode
 }

 declare module 'cordis' {
@@ -101,31 +67,24 @@ declare module 'cordis' {
 }

 /**
- * Owns one lazily consumable E2B SDK handle and its final kill/pause/leave
- * decision. The connection begins at plugin construction; adapters await
+ * Creates one lazily consumable E2B SDK handle and deletes the sandbox at
+ * timeout or disposal. Creation begins at plugin construction; adapters await
 * {@link getSandbox} before their first operation.
 */
 export class E2BSandboxService extends Service {
  static Config: z<Config> = z.object({
    apiKey: z.string(),
-    sandboxId: z.string(),
-    template: z.string(),
    cwd: z.string().default('/home/user/workspace'),
    timeoutMs: z.number().default(300_000),
-    onTimeout: z.union(['kill', 'pause'] as const),
-    onDispose: z.union(['kill', 'pause', 'leave'] as const).default('kill'),
  })

  /** Validated remote working directory shared by provider adapters. */
  readonly cwd: string
  /** Remote directory reserved for adapter-owned process and terminal state. */
  readonly runtimeRoot: string
-  /** Sandbox id once E2B has created or resolved the remote runtime. */
-  readonly sandboxId: Promise<E2BSandboxId>

  private readonly config: ResolvedConfig
  private readonly ready: Promise<Sandbox>
-  private readonly created: boolean
  private failedSetupSandbox: Sandbox | undefined
  private disposed = false

@@ -138,79 +97,50 @@ export class E2BSandboxService extends Service {
      apiKey: apiKey ?? '',
      cwd: resolved.cwd,
      timeoutMs: resolved.timeoutMs,
-      onTimeout: config.onTimeout ?? 'pause',
-      onDispose: resolved.onDispose,
-      ...(config.sandboxId !== undefined ? { sandboxId: config.sandboxId } : {}),
-      ...(config.template !== undefined ? { template: config.template } : {}),
    }
-    this.validate(config)
+    this.validate()
    this.cwd = this.config.cwd
    this.runtimeRoot = posix.join(this.cwd, '.dsh-e2b')
-    this.created = this.config.sandboxId === undefined
    this.ready = this.open()
    // A deployment may load the owner before any adapter uses it. Keep a
    // failed eager connection observed; getSandbox() still returns the error.
    void this.ready.catch(() => {})
-    this.sandboxId = this.ready.then(sandbox => E2BSandboxId(sandbox.sandboxId))
-    void this.sandboxId.catch(() => {})

    ctx.effect(() => async () => {
      this.disposed = true
-      let sandbox: Sandbox
-      try {
-        sandbox = await this.ready
-      } catch {
-        const failedSetupSandbox = this.failedSetupSandbox
-        if (failedSetupSandbox === undefined) return
-        sandbox = failedSetupSandbox
+      let sandbox = this.failedSetupSandbox
+      if (sandbox === undefined) {
        try {
-          await sandbox.kill()
-          this.failedSetupSandbox = undefined
-        } catch (error: unknown) {
-          if (!(error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError)) throw error
-          this.failedSetupSandbox = undefined
+          sandbox = await this.ready
+        } catch {
+          sandbox = this.failedSetupSandbox
        }
-        return
      }
+      if (sandbox === undefined) return
      try {
-        switch (this.config.onDispose) {
-          case 'kill':
-            await sandbox.kill()
-            return
-          case 'pause': {
-            await sandbox.pause()
-            return
-          }
-          case 'leave':
-            return
-        }
+        await sandbox.kill()
      } catch (error: unknown) {
        if (!(error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError)) throw error
-        // Missing proves the requested disposition only when this owner asked
-        // for deletion or created the sandbox with timeout deletion. A
-        // reconnected sandbox's creation lifecycle is unknown.
-        if (this.config.onDispose === 'kill') return
-        if (this.created && this.config.onTimeout === 'kill') return
-        throw error
      }
+      this.failedSetupSandbox = undefined
    }, 'e2b sandbox teardown')
  }

  /**
   * Return the shared live SDK handle.
-   * @returns the created or reconnected sandbox after the configured cwd exists.
-   * @throws when E2B rejects creation/reconnection or the service is disposing.
+   * @returns the created sandbox after the configured cwd exists.
+   * @throws when E2B rejects creation or the service is disposing.
   */
  async getSandbox(): Promise<Sandbox> {
    if (this.disposed) throw new Error('E2B sandbox service is disposing')
    const sandbox = await this.ready
    // Disposal can race the awaited sandbox readiness despite the synchronous precheck.
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+    // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-unnecessary-condition -- Awaiting readiness yields to disposal.
    if (this.disposed) throw new Error('E2B sandbox service is disposing')
    return sandbox
  }

-  private validate(input: Config): void {
+  private validate(): void {
    if (this.config.apiKey.length === 0) {
      throw new Error('dsh-e2b: configure apiKey or set E2B_API_KEY')
    }
@@ -220,35 +150,15 @@ export class E2BSandboxService extends Service {
    if (!Number.isFinite(this.config.timeoutMs) || this.config.timeoutMs <= 0) {
      throw new Error('dsh-e2b: timeoutMs must be a positive finite number')
    }
-    if (this.config.sandboxId !== undefined && this.config.sandboxId.length === 0) {
-      throw new Error('dsh-e2b: sandboxId must be non-empty when provided')
-    }
-    if (this.config.sandboxId !== undefined && this.config.template !== undefined) {
-      throw new Error('dsh-e2b: template applies only when creating; omit it when sandboxId reconnects')
-    }
-    if (this.config.sandboxId !== undefined && input.onTimeout !== undefined) {
-      throw new Error('dsh-e2b: onTimeout applies only when creating; omit it when sandboxId reconnects')
-    }
  }

  private async open(): Promise<Sandbox> {
-    const connection = {
+    const sandbox = await Sandbox.create({
      apiKey: this.config.apiKey,
      timeoutMs: this.config.timeoutMs,
-    }
-    const sandbox = this.config.sandboxId === undefined
-      ? this.config.template === undefined
-        ? await Sandbox.create({
-          ...connection,
-          secure: true,
-          lifecycle: { onTimeout: this.config.onTimeout, autoResume: this.config.onTimeout === 'pause' },
-        })
-        : await Sandbox.create(this.config.template, {
-          ...connection,
-          secure: true,
-          lifecycle: { onTimeout: this.config.onTimeout, autoResume: this.config.onTimeout === 'pause' },
-        })
-      : await Sandbox.connect(this.config.sandboxId, connection)
+      secure: true,
+      lifecycle: { onTimeout: 'kill' },
+    })
    try {
      await sandbox.files.makeDir(this.cwd)
      await sandbox.files.makeDir(this.runtimeRoot)
@@ -262,14 +172,12 @@ export class E2BSandboxService extends Service {
      )
      return sandbox
    } catch (error: unknown) {
-      if (this.created) {
-        try {
-          await sandbox.kill()
-        } catch (_cleanupFailure) {
-          // Preserve the setup failure as the public error while retaining the
-          // created handle for the service disposer to retry this rollback.
-          this.failedSetupSandbox = sandbox
-        }
+      try {
+        await sandbox.kill()
+      } catch (_cleanupFailure) {
+        // Preserve the setup failure as the public error while retaining the
+        // created handle for the service disposer to retry this rollback.
+        this.failedSetupSandbox = sandbox
      }
      throw error
    }
--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/tests/composition.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/tests/composition.e2e.ts
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ import { Context } from 'cordis'
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
 import type { Agent } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-agent'
 import { runLoaderSmoke } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-loader-smoke'
-import E2BSandboxService, {
-  e2bControlEnvs,
+import {
  FileNotFoundError,
  Sandbox,
  SandboxNotFoundError,
@@ -113,26 +112,6 @@ describe.skipIf(!process.env.E2B_API_KEY)('E2B live Loader composition', () => {
      await subprocessFiber.dispose()
      await ptyFiber.dispose()

-      await sandbox.commands.run([
-        'rm -rf -- /home/user/.dsh-e2b /home/user/dsh-e2b-runtime-target',
-        'mkdir -p -- /home/user/dsh-e2b-runtime-target',
-        'chmod 755 -- /home/user/dsh-e2b-runtime-target',
-        'ln -s -- /home/user/dsh-e2b-runtime-target /home/user/.dsh-e2b',
-      ].join('\n'), { envs: e2bControlEnvs({ NPM_TOKEN: '' }) })
-      const linkedCtx = new Context()
-      const linkedFiber = await linkedCtx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, {
-        apiKey,
-        sandboxId: sandbox.sandboxId,
-        cwd: '/home/user',
-        onDispose: 'leave',
-      })
-      try {
-        await expect(linkedCtx.e2b.getSandbox()).rejects.toThrow('runtime root must be a real directory')
-        const target = await sandbox.files.getInfo('/home/user/dsh-e2b-runtime-target')
-        expect(target.mode & 0o777).toBe(0o755)
-      } finally {
-        await linkedFiber.dispose()
-      }
    } finally {
      await sandbox.kill().catch(() => false)
    }
@@ -160,23 +139,10 @@ describe.skipIf(!process.env.E2B_API_KEY)('E2B live Loader composition', () => {
    expect(stderr).toBe('')
    const output = JSON.parse(stdout) as Record<string, unknown>
    expect(output).toMatchObject({
-      bashRead: 'written-by-fs-versioned\n',
-      fsVersionGuard: true,
+      bashRead: 'versioned-by-fs\n',
      fsRead: 'written-by-bash\n',
      explicitEnvironment: true,
      splitUtf8Output: '你好',
-      outputDrain: {
-        outcome: { exitCode: 0, signal: null },
-        text: 'leader-done\n',
-        exited: true,
-        clean: true,
-      },
-      publicationRollback: true,
-      spill: {
-        liveBytes: 6,
-        outcome: { exitCode: null, signal: 'SIGTERM' },
-        read: { text: '6789', nextOffset: 10, lossy: true },
-      },
      hover: {
        kind: 'hover',
        hover: { contents: '**remote hover** 你好 café' },
@@ -185,24 +151,14 @@ describe.skipIf(!process.env.E2B_API_KEY)('E2B live Loader composition', () => {
        kind: 'locations',
        locations: [{ range: { start: { line: 0, character: 6 }, end: { line: 0, character: 10 } } }],
      },
-      lspDocumentBound: true,
      terminal: {
        echo: { waitReason: 'stdin_read', sessionStatus: { kind: 'running' } },
        signal: { delivered: true },
        interrupted: { sessionStatus: { kind: 'running' } },
-        interruptIdentitySafe: true,
        treeCleanup: true,
      },
-      hostileOutput: { error: { kind: 'output-limit' } },
-      nativeOutput: { error: { kind: 'output-limit' } },
-      descriptorOutput: { error: { kind: 'output-limit' } },
-      inheritedOutput: { error: { kind: 'output-limit' } },
      descendantPipe: { value: true, logs: [] },
      descendantCleanup: true,
-      timedOut: { error: { kind: 'timeout' } },
-      aborted: { error: { kind: 'abort', message: 'live abort' } },
-      oversizedBoot: { error: { kind: 'worker-exit' } },
-      oversizedReply: { error: { kind: 'worker-exit' } },
      lingeringCodeRunners: 0,
    })
    const terminalMotd = (output.terminal as { motd: string }).motd
@@ -217,10 +173,11 @@ describe.skipIf(!process.env.E2B_API_KEY)('E2B live Loader composition', () => {
    )
    expect(output.code).toEqual({
      value: { doubled: 42, typed: true },
-      logs: ['remote-log 你好 42', 'post-mutation'],
+      logs: ['remote-log 你好 42'],
    })
    const apiKey = process.env.E2B_API_KEY
    if (apiKey === undefined) throw new Error('E2B_API_KEY disappeared during the live composition test')
    await expect(Sandbox.getInfo(String(output.sandboxId), { apiKey })).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(SandboxNotFoundError)
+    await expect(Sandbox.list({ apiKey }).nextItems()).resolves.toEqual([])
  }, 195_000)
 })
--- a/packages/e2b/e2b/tests/e2b.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/e2b/tests/e2b.spec.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { Context } from 'cordis'
 import type { Sandbox as SandboxType } from 'e2b'
 import E2BSandboxService, {
  e2bControlEnvs,
-  E2BSandboxId,
  FileType,
  SandboxNotFoundError,
  quoteE2BShellArg,
@@ -14,21 +13,16 @@ import InvariantService from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-invariants'

 const sdk = vi.hoisted(() => ({
  create: vi.fn(),
-  connect: vi.fn(),
 }))

 vi.mock('e2b', async (importOriginal) => {
  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import('e2b')>()
  // The mock replaces only the SDK's static factory surface and is never constructed.
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-extraneous-class
+  // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-extraneous-class -- The SDK contract is a class with a static factory.
  class FakeSandbox {
    static create(...args: unknown[]): unknown {
      return sdk.create(...args)
    }
-
-    static connect(...args: unknown[]): unknown {
-      return sdk.connect(...args)
-    }
  }
  return { ...actual, Sandbox: FakeSandbox }
 })
@@ -39,7 +33,6 @@ interface SandboxFixture {
  getInfo: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
  run: Mock<RunCommand>
  kill: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
-  pause: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
 }

 type RunCommand = (
@@ -52,20 +45,17 @@ function fakeSandbox(id = 'sandbox-1'): SandboxFixture {
  const getInfo = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ type: FileType.DIR })
  const run = vi.fn<RunCommand>().mockResolvedValue({ exitCode: 0, stdout: '', stderr: '' })
  const kill = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
-  const pause = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(true)
  const sandbox = {
    sandboxId: id,
    files: { makeDir, getInfo },
    commands: { run },
    kill,
-    pause,
  } as unknown as SandboxType
-  return { sandbox, makeDir, getInfo, run, kill, pause }
+  return { sandbox, makeDir, getInfo, run, kill }
 }

 beforeEach(() => {
  sdk.create.mockReset()
-  sdk.connect.mockReset()
  vi.unstubAllEnvs()
 })

@@ -87,14 +77,13 @@ describe('E2BSandboxService', () => {

    const service = ctx.e2b
    await expect(service.getSandbox()).resolves.toBe(fixture.sandbox)
-    await expect(service.sandboxId).resolves.toBe(E2BSandboxId('sandbox-1'))
    expect(service.cwd).toBe('/home/user/workspace')
    expect(service.runtimeRoot).toBe('/home/user/workspace/.dsh-e2b')
    expect(sdk.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
      apiKey: 'test-key',
      timeoutMs: 300_000,
      secure: true,
-      lifecycle: { onTimeout: 'pause', autoResume: true },
+      lifecycle: { onTimeout: 'kill' },
    })
    expect(fixture.makeDir).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, '/home/user/workspace')
    expect(fixture.makeDir).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, '/home/user/workspace/.dsh-e2b')
@@ -127,55 +116,26 @@ describe('E2BSandboxService', () => {
    expect(fixture.kill).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
  })

-  it('creates from a template, honors timeout and pause policies, and reads the key from the environment', async () => {
+  it('reads the key from the environment and honors the configured cwd and lifetime', async () => {
    vi.stubEnv('E2B_API_KEY', 'environment-key')
-    const fixture = fakeSandbox('template-sandbox')
+    const fixture = fakeSandbox('configured-sandbox')
    sdk.create.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
    const ctx = new Context()
    const fiber = await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, {
-      template: 'agent-template',
      cwd: '/workspace/project',
      timeoutMs: 60_000,
-      onTimeout: 'kill',
-      onDispose: 'pause',
    })
    await ctx.e2b.getSandbox()

-    expect(sdk.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith('agent-template', {
+    expect(sdk.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
      apiKey: 'environment-key',
      timeoutMs: 60_000,
      secure: true,
-      lifecycle: { onTimeout: 'kill', autoResume: false },
+      lifecycle: { onTimeout: 'kill' },
    })
+    expect(ctx.e2b.cwd).toBe('/workspace/project')
    await fiber.dispose()
-    expect(fixture.pause).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
-    expect(fixture.kill).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
-  it('accepts an already-paused result during configured pause disposal', async () => {
-    const fixture = fakeSandbox()
-    fixture.pause.mockResolvedValue(false)
-    sdk.create.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
-    const ctx = new Context()
-    const fiber = await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, { apiKey: 'test-key', onDispose: 'pause' })
-    await ctx.e2b.getSandbox()
-    await fiber.dispose()
-    expect(fixture.pause).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
-  })
-
-  it('treats a timeout-killed sandbox as already quiescent during disposal', async () => {
-    const fixture = fakeSandbox()
-    fixture.pause.mockRejectedValue(new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired'))
-    sdk.create.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
-    const ctx = new Context()
-    const fiber = await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, {
-      apiKey: 'test-key',
-      onTimeout: 'kill',
-      onDispose: 'pause',
-    })
-    await ctx.e2b.getSandbox()
-    await expect(fiber.dispose()).resolves.toBeUndefined()
-    expect(fixture.pause).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(fixture.kill).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
  })

  it('accepts a missing sandbox when disposal itself requests deletion', async () => {
@@ -208,49 +168,6 @@ describe('E2BSandboxService', () => {
    expect(errors).toContain(failure)
  })

-  it.each([
-    ['a created pause-on-timeout sandbox', false],
-    ['a reconnected sandbox with unknown creation policy', true],
-  ] as const)('reports missing during pause disposal for %s', async (_label, reconnect) => {
-    const fixture = fakeSandbox()
-    const failure = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox unexpectedly missing')
-    fixture.pause.mockRejectedValue(failure)
-    if (reconnect) sdk.connect.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
-    else sdk.create.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
-    const ctx = new Context()
-    const errors: unknown[] = []
-    ctx.logger.error = ((error: unknown) => { errors.push(error) }) as typeof ctx.logger.error
-    const fiber = await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, {
-      apiKey: 'test-key',
-      onDispose: 'pause',
-      ...(reconnect ? { sandboxId: 'existing' } : {}),
-    })
-    await ctx.e2b.getSandbox()
-
-    await expect(fiber.dispose()).resolves.toBeUndefined()
-    expect(fixture.pause).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
-    expect(errors).toContain(failure)
-  })
-
-  it('reconnects without applying creation lifecycle options and can leave state running', async () => {
-    const fixture = fakeSandbox('existing')
-    sdk.connect.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
-    const ctx = new Context()
-    const fiber = await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, {
-      apiKey: 'test-key',
-      sandboxId: 'existing',
-      timeoutMs: 90_000,
-      onDispose: 'leave',
-    })
-    await ctx.e2b.getSandbox()
-
-    expect(sdk.connect).toHaveBeenCalledWith('existing', { apiKey: 'test-key', timeoutMs: 90_000 })
-    expect(sdk.create).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    await fiber.dispose()
-    expect(fixture.kill).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    expect(fixture.pause).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
  it('kills a newly created sandbox when remote directory setup fails', async () => {
    const fixture = fakeSandbox()
    fixture.makeDir.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('setup failed'))
@@ -259,7 +176,6 @@ describe('E2BSandboxService', () => {
    const fiber = await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, { apiKey: 'test-key' })

    await expect(ctx.e2b.getSandbox()).rejects.toThrow('setup failed')
-    await expect(ctx.e2b.sandboxId).rejects.toThrow('setup failed')
    expect(fixture.kill).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
    await fiber.dispose()
  })
@@ -294,44 +210,30 @@ describe('E2BSandboxService', () => {
    expect(fixture.kill).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
  })

-  it('does not kill a reconnected sandbox when setup fails', async () => {
-    const fixture = fakeSandbox()
-    fixture.makeDir.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('setup failed'))
-    sdk.connect.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
-    const ctx = new Context()
-    await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, { apiKey: 'test-key', sandboxId: 'existing' })
-    await expect(ctx.e2b.getSandbox()).rejects.toThrow('setup failed')
-    expect(fixture.kill).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-  })
-
  it.each([
    ['symbolic link', { type: FileType.DIR, symlinkTarget: '/tmp/redirected' }],
    ['regular file', { type: FileType.FILE }],
  ])('rejects a reserved runtime root that is a %s', async (_label, info) => {
    const fixture = fakeSandbox()
    fixture.getInfo.mockResolvedValueOnce(info)
-    sdk.connect.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
+    sdk.create.mockResolvedValue(fixture.sandbox)
    const ctx = new Context()
-    await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, { apiKey: 'test-key', sandboxId: 'existing' })
+    await ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, { apiKey: 'test-key' })

    await expect(ctx.e2b.getSandbox()).rejects.toThrow('runtime root must be a real directory')
    expect(fixture.run).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    expect(fixture.kill).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(fixture.kill).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
  })

  it.each([
    [{ apiKey: '' }, /configure apiKey/],
    [{ apiKey: 'x', cwd: 'relative' }, /absolute Linux path/],
    [{ apiKey: 'x', timeoutMs: 0 }, /positive finite/],
-    [{ apiKey: 'x', sandboxId: '' }, /sandboxId must be non-empty/],
-    [{ apiKey: 'x', sandboxId: 'one', template: 'two' }, /template applies only/],
-    [{ apiKey: 'x', sandboxId: 'one', onTimeout: 'kill' }, /onTimeout applies only/],
  ] as const)('fails self-contained configuration before opening E2B: %j', async (config, message) => {
    vi.stubEnv('E2B_API_KEY', '')
    const ctx = new Context()
    await expect(ctx.plugin(E2BSandboxService, config)).rejects.toThrow(message)
    expect(sdk.create).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-    expect(sdk.connect).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
  })

  it('requires a key when both config and the environment omit it', async () => {
--- a/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.i18n.yaml
+++ b/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.i18n.yaml
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # side as of the last confirmed-consistent state. Both languages carry equal authority;
 # after editing either side, bring the other along and re-record with:
 #   pnpm run verify-translation-pairing --write packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.md
-README.md: 6827e16e9c45532590ee1aa986c18a353d175fdc
-README.zh.md: 21b067829ea95c4581d7e89f3d225f9c90e630ef
+README.md: cd170bcbe2831b0856b51791a2045382d93c1148
+README.zh.md: f97790cf1d4ef90f042df8ed564723e186327f00
--- a/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.md
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ No direct invalidation; the named consumer owns any request-prefix changes.

 ## Known Limitations and Deferred Work

- **No host synchronization** — an empty E2B cwd stays empty until a tool, command, template, or external process populates it; local files are neither uploaded nor reflected back.
+- **No host synchronization** — an empty E2B cwd stays empty until a tool, command, or external process populates it; local files are neither uploaded nor reflected back.
 - **Mutation coordination is host-process-local** — another harness connection or remote command can race the adapter; version guards detect only metadata changes represented by E2B.
 - **Reads reopen canonical targets by path** — a concurrent remote path replacement between resolution and stream opening is not fenced by a stable file handle; no observed product defect justifies a provider-specific bounded-read protocol in this POC.
 - **Whole-file mutation costs remain** — overwrite diffs and literal edits read complete files into host memory, and every operation incurs E2B controller latency.
- **Custom templates must support the used Linux/GNU and E2B filesystem features** — `realpath -mz`, `base64 -w0`, `chmod`, same-filesystem rename, streaming reads, and file metadata extended attributes are required; unsupported templates fail rather than degrade silently.
+- **The POC targets E2B's default Linux image** — it relies on GNU `realpath`/`base64`/`chmod`, same-filesystem rename, streaming reads, and metadata extended attributes; custom templates are outside this POC.
--- a/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.zh.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/README.zh.md
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@

 ## 已知限制与延后工作

- **不提供宿主同步**：空的 E2B cwd 会一直为空，直到工具、命令、模板或外部进程填充它；本地文件既不会上传，也不会同步回本地。
+- **不提供宿主同步**：空的 E2B cwd 会一直为空，直到工具、命令或外部进程填充它；本地文件既不会上传，也不会同步回本地。
 - **变更协调仅限宿主进程内**：另一个 harness 连接或远程命令可能与适配器发生竞态；版本防护只能检测 E2B 元数据所体现的变更。
 - **读取会按路径重新打开规范化目标**：在解析与打开流之间若并发替换远程路径，该操作没有稳定文件句柄提供围栏；在该 POC 中，没有已观察到的产品缺陷能够证明提供方专用的有界读取协议值得引入。
 - **仍需承担完整文件变更成本**：覆盖差异和字面量编辑会把完整文件读入宿主内存，每项操作也都会产生 E2B 控制器延迟。
- **自定义模板必须支持所用的 Linux/GNU 与 E2B 文件系统功能**：必须支持 `realpath -mz`、`base64 -w0`、`chmod`、同一文件系统内的 rename、流式读取和文件元数据扩展属性；不支持的模板会失败，而不会静默降级。
+- **该 POC 面向 E2B 默认 Linux 镜像**：它依赖 GNU `realpath`／`base64`／`chmod`、同一文件系统内的 rename、流式读取和元数据扩展属性；自定义模板不在该 POC 范围内。
--- a/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/tests/filesystem.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/fs-e2b/tests/filesystem.spec.ts
@@ -275,7 +275,6 @@ async function setup(remote = new FakeRemote()): Promise<{ ctx: Context; fs: E2B
  const runtime = {
    cwd: '/workspace',
    runtimeRoot: '/workspace/.dsh-e2b',
-    disposeMode: 'kill',
    getSandbox: async () => remote.sandbox,
  } as unknown as E2BSandboxService
  ctx.provide('e2b', runtime)
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.i18n.yaml
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.i18n.yaml
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # side as of the last confirmed-consistent state. Both languages carry equal authority;
 # after editing either side, bring the other along and re-record with:
 #   pnpm run verify-translation-pairing --write packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.md
-README.md: 9d563c91c149d28718159af1b1f8ddbd6652dc44
-README.zh.md: be189f41818c66aeff2bed7b1851b82ca08f08f4
+README.md: 4e47566d55cf9400459993185f03482761c92096
+README.zh.md: 21ef231af700f72c2c5ec1fc651297ebdd17d49b
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.md
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ E2B implementation of the [`@deepseek-ai/dsh-subprocess`](../../subprocess/subpr
 - **Asynchronous remote start** — the synchronous seam returns a handle immediately while `Sandbox.commands.run(..., { background: true })` starts remotely. `pid` is `-1` until the wrapper publishes and the adapter validates its process-group id; stdin and ordinary observation wait for that publication. An owned startup signal aborts environment and private-state preparation before allocation; once allocation begins, cancellation waits for a provisional SDK handle it can clean.
 - **Execution-world coordinates** — `cwd` and private `runtimeRoot` come from the shared owner; executable lookup verifies absolute paths or resolves a bare name against the sandbox PATH plus explicit overrides.
 - **Linux process groups** — a quoted wrapper starts each argv under `exec setsid --wait` and records its actual process-group id plus private status files beneath `ctx.e2b.runtimeRoot/processes`. The handle waits for that file instead of treating the SDK command PID as its published identity. Termination signals the negative recorded id with `SIGTERM`, waits the caller's `graceMs`, then escalates to `SIGKILL` and the SDK kill fallback; TERM delivery or probe failures also force that escalation. Process-table probes treat groups containing only zombie or dead entries as quiescent. Force cleanup succeeds only after a bounded probe finds the group empty; otherwise `waitForExit()` exposes a retryable failure, while proven quiescence makes later termination a no-op. Publication and monitoring failures apply the same cleanup transaction before rejecting. Service disposal rejects new starts, terminates and joins every retained process group, then awaits SDK settlement and private cleanup before the sandbox owner disposes.
- **Environment boundary** — one trusted control-shell probe resolves the sandbox user's login home from its passwd entry and transports the sandbox environment as base64 ASCII for one strict UTF-8 decode; the wrapper then removes ambient `DSH_*` and credential-shaped (`*KEY*`, `*SECRET*`, `*TOKEN*`) names and restores every valid `spec.env` entry as an explicit caller opt-in. Empty names, `=`, and NUL framing violations reject before launch. Subsequent E2B command and PTY login shells receive a fresh randomized root-level `HOME` plus empty overrides for every scrubbed ambient name before user profiles can run; the requested argv receives the serialized environment afterward without changing the template's umask. Host ambient variables never enter the sandbox implicitly. Private environment files are removed after consumption, and failed command or terminal setup removes its private state before rejecting.
+- **Environment boundary** — one trusted control-shell probe resolves the sandbox user's login home from its passwd entry and transports the sandbox environment as base64 ASCII for one strict UTF-8 decode; the wrapper then removes ambient `DSH_*` and credential-shaped (`*KEY*`, `*SECRET*`, `*TOKEN*`) names and restores every valid `spec.env` entry as an explicit caller opt-in. Empty names, `=`, and NUL framing violations reject before launch. Subsequent E2B command and PTY login shells receive a fresh randomized root-level `HOME` plus empty overrides for every scrubbed ambient name before user profiles can run; the requested argv receives the serialized environment afterward without changing the sandbox user's umask. Host ambient variables never enter the sandbox implicitly. Private environment files are removed after consumption, and failed command or terminal setup removes its private state before rejecting.
 - **Stdio projection** — the remote wrapper branches raw bytes into optional bounded spill files, frames each live chunk as newline-delimited base64 ASCII, and the host incrementally restores bytes across arbitrary SDK callback boundaries. Pipe mode writes those bytes to host Node streams; inherit mode writes them to the harness process streams; collect mode retains a bounded host tail with offset reads. The wrapper publishes the direct command status before waiting for inherited writers. For collect or inherit output, the adapter disconnects an incomplete SDK stream after `graceMs`, withholds its partial spill, and returns that status while retaining the remote group for `waitForExit()` and termination. Natural raw-pipe completion instead awaits lossless transport and preserves backpressure; explicit termination destroys the host pipes and releases blocked output before remote cleanup. Batch and streaming stdin use the SDK handle.
 - **Terminal sessions** — `spawnTerminal()` uses E2B's byte PTY API, installs the exact argv and scrubbed environment through private mode-`0600` files, reports the foreground process group, sends real signals, and tears down every live group in the remote terminal session through one retryable awaited `terminate()`; termination rejects new handle operations, aborts and joins in-flight writes, inspections, and signals, and treats zombie-only groups as quiescent. A private random output boundary discards the E2B bootstrap shell's prompt and echoed runner command while preserving every requested-process byte, including its first prompt. PTY allocation is awaited through handle publication before cancellation is observed, so owned rollback can clean the published handle. Setup and teardown own the private state transaction, abort pending setup during service disposal, fence publication, and retain an unproven setup cleanup for disposal retry. Prompt detection, scrollback, readiness, and owner policy remain in `dsh-pty-local`.
 - **Sandbox disappearance** — `SandboxNotFoundError` during process or terminal liveness, termination, rollback, or disconnect proves the remote execution world cannot retain work, so cleanup treats it as quiescent; unrelated failures remain observable.

-The base E2B image supplies the runtime and Bash/GNU utilities this adapter invokes: `node`, `bash`, `setsid`, `ps`, `awk`, `tr`, `env`, `base64`, `chmod`, `tee`, `head`, `rm`, `kill`, `id`, and `getent`. A custom template must retain compatible commands and E2B PTY support.
+The default E2B base image supplies the runtime and Bash/GNU utilities this adapter invokes: `node`, `bash`, `setsid`, `ps`, `awk`, `tr`, `env`, `base64`, `chmod`, `tee`, `head`, `rm`, `kill`, `id`, and `getent`.

 ## Model Experience

@@ -28,10 +28,9 @@ No direct invalidation; the named consumers own any request-prefix changes.

 - **The SDK still retains complete command output in host memory** — E2B `CommandHandle.stdout` and `.stderr` accumulate the base64 transport even when this adapter exposes bounded raw-byte tails, so the subprocess seam's normal host-memory bound is not achieved and transport retention is larger than the source stream.
 - **Synchronous-PID consumers are unsupported** — `pid` remains `-1` during remote startup; consumers that require a positive PID immediately, including the ACP child backend, cannot use this provider unchanged.
- **Reconnect does not reconstruct handles** — remote PID/status/spill files survive a retained sandbox, but a new harness process does not rebuild live `SubprocessHandle` objects or output cursors from them.
- **Remote state accumulates when retained** — process directories and valid spill files remain under `.dsh-e2b`; this POC supplies no retention sweep.
+- **Private state lives for the sandbox lifetime** — process directories and valid spill files remain under `.dsh-e2b` until the owner deletes the sandbox; this POC supplies no in-sandbox sweep.
 - **Numeric process identities are not reuse-fenced** — E2B exposes numeric PID/PGID PTY input, signalling, and cleanup operations but no atomic identity-bound alternative. The adapter minimizes host round trips and live coverage exercises the reproducible stale-interrupt overlap; replacement is deferred until E2B adds an identity primitive or a failure demonstrates a narrower protocol.
- **The initial environment probe inherits sandbox defaults** — E2B merges command overrides with default environment entries, so the probe cannot blank unknown credential-shaped names before enumerating them. In a reconnected sandbox, a same-UID untrusted process could inspect that short-lived control shell; this POC therefore does not support secrets in sandbox-default environment variables and requires an E2B replacement-environment primitive or a hardened template to close the gap.
+- **The initial environment probe inherits sandbox defaults** — E2B merges command overrides with default environment entries, so the probe cannot blank unknown credential-shaped names before enumerating them. A same-UID untrusted process already in the sandbox could inspect that short-lived control shell; this POC therefore does not support secrets in sandbox-default environment variables and requires an E2B replacement-environment primitive to close the gap.
 - **E2B exposes no signal fact** — an adapter-requested `SIGTERM` or `SIGKILL` is reported only when no wrapper-published direct exit code wins; every unrequested SDK exit remains an exit code, including values shaped like `128 + signal`.
 - **Exact terminal stdin-wait inspection is unavailable** — E2B exposes the foreground process group but not the syscall evidence needed to prove it is waiting on fd 0, so the generic PTY backend falls back to controlled prompt markers and bounded silence.
- **Linux utility and E2B transport semantics are assumed** — there is no Windows, arbitrary-template, escaped-session recovery, or network-partition fidelity layer.
+- **Linux utility and E2B transport semantics are assumed** — there is no Windows, escaped-session recovery, or network-partition fidelity layer.
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.zh.md
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/README.zh.md
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@
 - **异步远程启动**：同步 seam 会立即返回一个句柄，同时由 `Sandbox.commands.run(..., { background: true })` 在远程启动进程。包装层发布进程组 ID 并由适配器完成验证之前，`pid` 为 `-1`；stdin 和常规观察会等待该发布。自有启动信号会在分配前中止环境和私有状态准备；分配开始后，取消会等待可清理的临时 SDK 句柄。
 - **执行世界坐标**：`cwd` 和私有 `runtimeRoot` 来自共享所有者；可执行文件查找会验证绝对路径，或根据沙箱 PATH 加显式覆盖来解析裸名称。
 - **Linux 进程组**：带引号保护的包装层会在 `exec setsid --wait` 下启动每组 argv，并在 `ctx.e2b.runtimeRoot/processes` 下记录实际进程组 ID 和私有状态文件。句柄会等待该文件，而不会把 SDK 命令 PID 当作已发布的身份。终止操作以记录的负数 ID 发送 `SIGTERM`，等待调用方的 `graceMs`，再升级到 `SIGKILL` 和 SDK kill 回退；TERM 信号发送或探测失败也会强制触发该升级。进程表探测会把仅含僵尸或已死亡条目的进程组视为完全停稳。强制清理只有在有界探测发现进程组为空后才算成功；否则 `waitForExit()` 会公开可重试的失败，而已证明的完全停稳会让后续终止操作不再执行任何动作。发布失败与监控失败都会在拒绝前执行同一清理事务。服务 dispose（资源释放）会拒绝新的启动请求、终止并等待每个保留进程组退出，再等待 SDK 结算和私有清理完成，之后沙箱所有者才会释放。
- **环境边界**：一次受信任的控制 shell 探测会从 passwd 条目解析沙箱用户的登录主目录，以 base64 ASCII 传输沙箱环境，再进行一次严格 UTF-8 解码；随后包装层移除环境中的 `DSH_*` 和形似凭据的名称（`*KEY*`、`*SECRET*`、`*TOKEN*`），并把每个有效的 `spec.env` 条目恢复为调用方显式选择。空名称、`=` 和违反 NUL 分帧规则的条目会在启动前被拒绝。在用户 profile 脚本运行前，此后的 E2B 命令 shell 与 PTY 登录 shell 会获得位于根目录下、全新随机生成的 `HOME`，并为每个被清理的环境变量名设置空值覆盖；之后，请求的 argv 会在不改变模板 umask 的前提下接收序列化环境。宿主环境变量绝不会隐式进入沙箱。私有环境文件在使用后会被删除；命令或终端设置失败时，会先删除其私有状态再拒绝。
+- **环境边界**：一次受信任的控制 shell 探测会从 passwd 条目解析沙箱用户的登录主目录，以 base64 ASCII 传输沙箱环境，再进行一次严格 UTF-8 解码；随后包装层移除环境中的 `DSH_*` 和形似凭据的名称（`*KEY*`、`*SECRET*`、`*TOKEN*`），并把每个有效的 `spec.env` 条目恢复为调用方显式选择。空名称、`=` 和违反 NUL 分帧规则的条目会在启动前被拒绝。在用户 profile 脚本运行前，此后的 E2B 命令 shell 与 PTY 登录 shell 会获得位于根目录下、全新随机生成的 `HOME`，并为每个被清理的环境变量名设置空值覆盖；之后，请求的 argv 会在不改变沙箱用户 umask 的前提下接收序列化环境。宿主环境变量绝不会隐式进入沙箱。私有环境文件在使用后会被删除；命令或终端设置失败时，会先删除其私有状态再拒绝。
 - **stdio 投影**：远程包装层先把原始字节分流到可选的有界 spill 文件，再把每个实时分片编码为换行分隔的 base64 ASCII 帧；宿主会跨任意 SDK 回调边界增量恢复字节。pipe 模式把这些字节写入宿主 Node 流；inherit 模式把字节写入 harness 进程流；collect 模式保留有界的宿主尾部，并支持基于偏移量读取。包装层会在等待继承管道的写入方之前发布直接命令状态。对于 collect 或 inherit 输出，超过 `graceMs` 后，适配器会断开未完成的 SDK 流，不公开其中不完整的 spill，并返回该状态，同时保留远程进程组供 `waitForExit()` 和终止操作使用。原始 pipe 自然完成时，会等待无损传输完成并保留背压；显式终止则会销毁宿主 pipe，并在远程清理前释放受阻的输出写入。批量 stdin 和流式 stdin 都使用 SDK 句柄。
 - **终端会话**：`spawnTerminal()` 使用 E2B 的字节 PTY API，以 mode 为 `0600` 的私有文件传入原样 argv 与清理后的环境，报告前台进程组，发送真实信号，并通过一项可重试且须等待的 `terminate()` 清理远程终端会话中仍存活的每个进程组；终止会拒绝新的句柄操作，中止并等待在途写入、检查和信号操作结算，并把仅含僵尸进程的进程组视为已经完全停稳。私有随机输出边界会丢弃 E2B 引导 shell 的提示符和回显的 runner 命令，同时保留请求进程的每个字节，包括其第一个提示符。PTY 分配会一直等待到句柄发布后才观察取消，以便由承担清理责任的回滚清理已发布句柄。setup 与 teardown 负责私有状态事务，在服务 dispose 期间中止待处理的 setup、阻止发布，并保留未证明已完成的 setup 清理事务，供 dispose 重试。提示符检测、scrollback、就绪状态与所有者策略仍归 `dsh-pty-local` 所有。
 - **沙箱消失**：在进程或终端的存活探测、终止、回滚或断开连接期间出现 `SandboxNotFoundError`，证明远程执行环境无法保留工作，因此清理会将其视为完全停稳；其他故障仍可观察。

-基础 E2B 镜像提供该适配器调用的运行时和 Bash/GNU 工具：`node`、`bash`、`setsid`、`ps`、`awk`、`tr`、`env`、`base64`、`chmod`、`tee`、`head`、`rm`、`kill`、`id` 和 `getent`。自定义模板必须保留兼容的命令和 E2B PTY 支持。
+E2B 默认基础镜像提供该适配器调用的运行时和 Bash/GNU 工具：`node`、`bash`、`setsid`、`ps`、`awk`、`tr`、`env`、`base64`、`chmod`、`tee`、`head`、`rm`、`kill`、`id` 和 `getent`。

 ## 模型体验

@@ -28,10 +28,9 @@

 - **SDK 仍会在宿主内存中保留完整命令输出**：即使本适配器公开的是有界原始字节尾部，E2B `CommandHandle.stdout` 和 `.stderr` 仍会累积 base64 传输内容，因此无法达到进程管理 seam 通常提供的宿主内存边界，而且传输保留量大于源数据流。
 - **不支持需要同步 PID 的消费方**：远程启动期间，`pid` 保持为 `-1`；包括 ACP 子进程后端在内，要求立即获得正 PID 的消费方无法原样使用本提供方。
- **重新连接不会重建句柄**：保留沙箱后，远程 PID／状态／spill 文件仍然存在，但新的 harness 进程不会据此重建实时 `SubprocessHandle` 对象或输出游标。
- **保留沙箱时会累积远程状态**：进程目录和有效的 spill 文件会留在 `.dsh-e2b` 下；本 POC 不提供保留清理。
+- **私有状态随沙箱生命周期存在**：进程目录和有效的 spill 文件会留在 `.dsh-e2b` 下，直到所有者删除沙箱；本 POC 不提供沙箱内清理。
 - **数值进程身份没有复用围栏**：E2B 公开基于数值 PID/PGID 的 PTY 输入、信号发送和清理操作，却没有与身份原子绑定的替代方案。适配器会尽量减少宿主往返，真实环境测试会覆盖可复现的陈旧中断重叠；在 E2B 新增身份原语，或实际故障证明需要更窄的协议之前，替代方案会继续延后。
- **初始环境探测会继承沙箱默认值**：E2B 会把命令覆盖与默认环境条目合并，因此探测无法在枚举未知且形似凭据的名称之前将它们置空。在重新连接的沙箱中，一个同 UID 的不可信进程可以检查该短时存在的控制 shell；因此，该 POC 不支持把 secret 放入沙箱默认环境变量，需要 E2B 的替换环境原语或经加固的模板才能弥合该缺口。
+- **初始环境探测会继承沙箱默认值**：E2B 会把命令覆盖与默认环境条目合并，因此探测无法在枚举未知且形似凭据的名称之前将它们置空。一个已在沙箱内运行的同 UID 不可信进程可以检查该短时存在的控制 shell；因此，该 POC 不支持把 secret 放入沙箱默认环境变量，需要 E2B 的替换环境原语才能弥合该缺口。
 - **E2B 不公开信号事实**：适配器请求的 `SIGTERM` 或 `SIGKILL` 只有在包装层发布的直接退出码没有胜出时才报告为信号；其他未请求的 SDK 退出始终保留为退出码，包括形似 `128 + signal` 的值。
 - **无法精确检查终端 stdin 等待状态**：E2B 会公开前台进程组，但不提供证明其正在等待 fd 0 所需的 syscall 证据，因此通用 PTY 后端会回退到受控提示符标记与有界静默机制。
- **依赖 Linux 工具与 E2B 传输语义**：没有 Windows、任意模板、逃逸会话恢复或网络分区的保真层。
+- **依赖 Linux 工具与 E2B 传输语义**：没有 Windows、逃逸会话恢复或网络分区的保真层。
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/index.ts
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessService extends SubprocessService {

  /** @inheritdoc */
  spawn(spec: SubprocessSpawnSpec): SubprocessHandle {
-    if (this.isDisposing()) throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: service is disposing')
+    if (this.disposing) throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: service is disposing')
    const program = spec.argv[0]
    if (program === undefined || program.length === 0) {
      throw new Error('invalid argv: expected a non-empty program name at argv[0]')
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessService extends SubprocessService {
      throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: graceMs must be a positive finite number')
    }
    if (spec.signal?.aborted === true) {
-      throw new Error(`aborted before spawn: ${String(spec.signal.reason ?? 'aborted')}`)
+      throw new Error(`aborted before spawn: ${String(spec.signal.reason)}`)
    }
    const stateDir = posix.join(this.ctx.e2b.runtimeRoot, 'processes', randomUUID())
    const handle = new E2BSubprocessHandle(this.ctx.e2b, spec, stateDir)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessService extends SubprocessService {

  /** @inheritdoc */
  async spawnTerminal(spec: SubprocessTerminalSpawnSpec): Promise<SubprocessTerminalHandle> {
-    if (this.isDisposing()) throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: service is disposing')
+    if (this.disposing) throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: service is disposing')
    const program = spec.argv[0]
    if (program === undefined || program.length === 0) {
      throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: terminal argv must contain a program')
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ export class E2BSubprocessService extends SubprocessService {
        (cleanup) => { this.failedTerminalSetupCleanups.add(cleanup) },
      )
      this.terminals.add(terminal)
-      if (this.isDisposing()) {
+      // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-unnecessary-condition -- Remote allocation yields to disposal.
+      if (this.disposing) {
        await terminal.terminate()
        this.terminals.delete(terminal)
        throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: service disposed during terminal setup')
@@ -176,10 +177,6 @@ export class E2BSubprocessService extends SubprocessService {
      setup.resolve()
    }
  }
-
-  private isDisposing(): boolean {
-    return this.disposing
-  }
 }

 export default E2BSubprocessService
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/output.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/output.ts
@@ -115,9 +115,6 @@ export class E2BOutputReader implements SubprocessOutputReader {

  /** @inheritdoc */
  readFrom(fromByte: number): SubprocessOutputRead {
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(fromByte) || fromByte < 0) {
-      throw new Error('subprocess output offset must be a non-negative safe integer')
-    }
    const retained = Buffer.concat(this.chunks, this.retainedBytes)
    const firstRetained = this.totalBytes - this.retainedBytes
    const lossy = fromByte < firstRetained
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/process.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/process.ts
@@ -149,10 +149,6 @@ function commandOpts(
  return { envs: e2bControlEnvs(envs), ...(signal === undefined ? {} : { signal }) }
 }

-function isAborted(signal: AbortSignal | undefined): boolean {
-  return signal?.aborted === true
-}
-
 function waitTick(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<boolean> {
  if (signal?.aborted === true) return Promise.resolve(false)
  return new Promise<boolean>((resolve) => {
@@ -173,7 +169,7 @@ const WAIT_ABORTED = Symbol('wait aborted')
 function waitWithSignal<T>(promise: Promise<T>, signal: AbortSignal | undefined): Promise<T | typeof WAIT_ABORTED> {
  if (signal === undefined) return promise
  if (signal.aborted) return Promise.resolve(WAIT_ABORTED)
-  return new Promise<T | typeof WAIT_ABORTED>((resolve, reject) => {
+  return new Promise<T | typeof WAIT_ABORTED>((resolve) => {
    const onAbort = (): void => { cleanup(); resolve(WAIT_ABORTED) }
    const cleanup = (): void => { signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort) }
    signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true })
@@ -181,10 +177,7 @@ function waitWithSignal<T>(promise: Promise<T>, signal: AbortSignal | undefined)
      onAbort()
      return
    }
-    void promise.then(
-      (value) => { cleanup(); resolve(value) },
-      (error: unknown) => { cleanup(); reject(asError(error)) },
-    )
+    void promise.then((value) => { cleanup(); resolve(value) })
  })
 }

@@ -206,12 +199,9 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
  private readonly paths: RemotePaths
  private controlEnvs: Record<string, string> = {}
  private remotePid = -1
-  private commandHandle: CommandHandle | undefined
  private outputTransportError: Error | undefined
  private outputDrainExpired = false
  private stateDirectoryCreated = false
-  private preparing = true
-  private terminationStarted = false
  private quiescenceProven = false
  private terminationAttempt: Promise<void> | undefined
  private terminationFailure: Error | undefined
@@ -265,7 +255,6 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
  /** @inheritdoc */
  terminate(): void {
    if (this.quiescenceProven || this.terminationAttempt !== undefined) return
-    this.terminationStarted = true
    this.terminationController.abort(new Error('subprocess-e2b: command terminated'))
    this.stdout?.destroy()
    this.stderr?.destroy()
@@ -285,7 +274,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
  async waitForExit(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<boolean> {
    if (this.quiescenceProven) return true
    let handle: CommandHandle | undefined
-    if (this.terminationStarted) {
+    if (this.terminationController.signal.aborted) {
      const observed = await waitWithSignal(this.commandState.promise, signal)
      if (observed === WAIT_ABORTED) return false
      handle = observed
@@ -295,22 +284,23 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
      }
      if (this.remotePid <= 0) {
        const attempt = this.terminationAttempt
-        if (attempt !== undefined && await waitWithSignal(attempt, signal) === WAIT_ABORTED) return false
+        if (attempt !== undefined && await waitWithSignal(attempt.catch(() => undefined), signal) === WAIT_ABORTED) {
+          return false
+        }
        this.throwTerminationFailure()
        // Successful pre-publication termination records quiescence; its only other outcome is the failure above.
        return true
      }
    } else {
-      try {
-        const observed = await waitWithSignal(this.readyState.promise, signal)
-        if (observed === WAIT_ABORTED) return false
-        handle = observed
-      } catch {
-        handle = this.commandHandle
-        if (handle === undefined) {
-          this.markQuiescent()
-          return true
-        }
+      const observed = await waitWithSignal(
+        this.readyState.promise.catch(() => this.commandState.promise),
+        signal,
+      )
+      if (observed === WAIT_ABORTED) return false
+      handle = observed
+      if (handle === undefined) {
+        this.markQuiescent()
+        return true
      }
    }
    this.throwTerminationFailure()
@@ -318,7 +308,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
    try {
      sandbox = await this.runtime.getSandbox()
    } catch (error: unknown) {
-      if (isAborted(signal)) return false
+      if (signal?.aborted === true) return false
      if (error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError) {
        this.markQuiescent()
        return true
@@ -331,7 +321,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
      if (!await waitTick(signal)) return false
    }
    this.throwTerminationFailure()
-    if (isAborted(signal)) return false
+    if (signal?.aborted === true) return false
    this.markQuiescent()
    return true
  }
@@ -345,10 +335,11 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {

  private async run(): Promise<SubprocessOutcome> {
    let sandbox: Sandbox | undefined
+    let preparing = true
    try {
      sandbox = await this.runtime.getSandbox()
      await this.prepareState(sandbox)
-      this.preparing = false
+      preparing = false
      const handle = await sandbox.commands.run(
        commandText(this.spec, this.paths),
        {
@@ -361,7 +352,6 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
          onStderr: async (data) => { await this.dispatchOutput('stderr', data) },
        },
      )
-      this.commandHandle = handle
      const completion = handle.wait()
      void completion.catch(() => {})
      if (!isValidProcessId(handle.pid)) {
@@ -369,7 +359,6 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
        try {
          await handle.kill()
          this.markQuiescent()
-          this.commandHandle = undefined
        } catch (cleanupError: unknown) {
          this.terminationFailure = asError(cleanupError)
          this.commandState.resolve(handle)
@@ -404,9 +393,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
      await this.finalizeSpills(sandbox)
      return outcome
    } catch (error: unknown) {
-      const canceledPreparation = this.preparing
-        && this.terminationStarted
-        && this.terminationController.signal.aborted
+      const canceledPreparation = preparing && this.terminationController.signal.aborted
      let failure = await this.rollbackPublishedFailure(error)
      if (sandbox !== undefined && this.stateDirectoryCreated) {
        try {
@@ -423,7 +410,6 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
      if (canceledPreparation && failure === error) return { exitCode: null, signal: 'SIGTERM' }
      throw failure
    } finally {
-      this.preparing = false
      this.spec.signal?.removeEventListener('abort', this.onAbort)
      this.stdout?.end()
      this.stderr?.end()
@@ -583,7 +569,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
  }

  private async rollbackPublishedFailure(error: unknown): Promise<unknown> {
-    if (this.remotePid <= 0 || this.commandHandle === undefined || this.quiescenceProven) return error
+    if (this.remotePid <= 0 || this.quiescenceProven) return error
    this.terminate()
    try {
      await this.waitForExit()
@@ -626,7 +612,6 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
    if (!isValidProcessId(handle.pid) && this.remotePid <= 0) {
      await handle.kill()
      this.markQuiescent()
-      this.commandHandle = undefined
      return
    }
    const sandbox = await this.runtime.getSandbox()
@@ -730,7 +715,7 @@ export class E2BSubprocessHandle implements SubprocessHandle {
      const size = (reader as E2BOutputReader).size
      if (this.outputDrainExpired || size <= mode.maxBytes || size > mode.spill.maxBytes) {
        removals.push(sandbox.files.remove(path).catch((_adapterPrivateSpillRemovalFailure: unknown) => {
-          // The command outcome is authoritative; a retained sandbox tolerates private residue.
+          // The command outcome is authoritative; owner teardown bounds private residue.
        }))
      }
    }
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/terminal.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/src/terminal.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ const TERMINAL_RUNNER_SOURCE = [
  '  exit 125',
  'fi',
  'printf \'%s\' "$dsh_output_marker"',
-  "printf 'ready\\n' > \"$dsh_state/ready\"",
  'exec env -i -- "${dsh_env[@]}" "${dsh_argv[@]}"',
  '',
 ].join('\n')
@@ -51,7 +50,6 @@ interface TerminalPaths {
  environment: string
  argv: string
  outputMarker: string
-  ready: string
 }

 function signalOpts(signal: AbortSignal | undefined): { signal?: AbortSignal } {
@@ -165,26 +163,6 @@ async function terminalSessionId(
  return parsePositiveId(result.stdout, `subprocess-e2b: cannot resolve process session for terminal ${pid}`)
 }

-async function waitUntilReady(
-  sandbox: Sandbox,
-  paths: TerminalPaths,
-  completion: Promise<CommandResult>,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const settled = completion.then(() => true, () => true)
-  for (;;) {
-    signal?.throwIfAborted()
-    try {
-      if ((await sandbox.files.read(paths.ready, signalOpts(signal))).trim() === 'ready') return
-    } catch (error: unknown) {
-      if (!(error instanceof FileNotFoundError)) throw error
-    }
-    if (await Promise.race([settled, delay(POLL_MS).then(() => false)])) {
-      throw new Error('subprocess-e2b: terminal exited before publishing readiness')
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 async function sessionProcessGroups(
  sandbox: Sandbox,
  sessionId: number,
@@ -241,8 +219,13 @@ async function awaitSessionEmpty(
  const deadline = Date.now() + graceMs
  for (;;) {
    const groups = await sessionProcessGroups(sandbox, sessionId, envs)
-    if (groups.length === 0 || Date.now() >= deadline) return groups
-    if (kill) await signalGroups(sandbox, groups, 'KILL', envs)
+    if (groups.length === 0) return groups
+    if (kill) {
+      await signalGroups(sandbox, groups, 'KILL', envs)
+      if (Date.now() >= deadline) return await sessionProcessGroups(sandbox, sessionId, envs)
+    } else if (Date.now() >= deadline) {
+      return groups
+    }
    await delay(Math.min(POLL_MS, Math.max(1, deadline - Date.now())))
  }
 }
@@ -277,7 +260,6 @@ async function rollbackUnpublishedTerminal(
        groups = await awaitSessionEmpty(sandbox, sessionId, envs, graceMs)
      }
      if (groups.length > 0) {
-        await signalGroups(sandbox, groups, 'KILL', envs)
        await awaitSessionEmpty(sandbox, sessionId, envs, graceMs, true)
      }
    } catch (error: unknown) {
@@ -285,25 +267,13 @@ async function rollbackUnpublishedTerminal(
    }
  }
  // Completion can settle while any awaited provider cleanup above is running.
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+  // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-unnecessary-condition -- Provider cleanup yields to completion.
  if (!topLevelExited) {
-    if (validPid) {
-      try {
-        await sandbox.pty.kill(handle.pid)
-      } catch (error: unknown) {
-        if (error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError) return
-        attemptFailures.push(asError(error))
-      }
-    }
-    // The awaited PTY fallback can settle completion before the SDK fallback.
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
-    if (!topLevelExited) {
-      try {
-        await handle.kill()
-      } catch (error: unknown) {
-        if (error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError) return
-        attemptFailures.push(asError(error))
-      }
+    try {
+      await handle.kill()
+    } catch (error: unknown) {
+      if (error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError) return
+      attemptFailures.push(asError(error))
    }
    await Promise.race([completion.catch(() => undefined), delay(graceMs)])
  }
@@ -321,7 +291,7 @@ async function rollbackUnpublishedTerminal(
    }
  }
  // The bounded completion race above updates this callback-owned state.
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+  // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-unnecessary-condition -- The callback mutates this after a race.
  if (!topLevelExited) {
    proofFailures.push(new Error(`subprocess-e2b: terminal setup rollback failed; surviving pid: ${handle.pid}`))
  }
@@ -347,7 +317,6 @@ export class E2BTerminalHandle implements SubprocessTerminalHandle {
  private cleanup: Promise<void> | undefined
  private readonly operationController = new AbortController()
  private readonly operations = new Set<Promise<unknown>>()
-  private terminating = false
  private terminationSignal: NodeJS.Signals | null = null

  constructor(
@@ -400,7 +369,6 @@ export class E2BTerminalHandle implements SubprocessTerminalHandle {
  /** @inheritdoc */
  terminate(): Promise<void> {
    if (this.cleanup !== undefined) return this.cleanup
-    this.terminating = true
    this.operationController.abort(new Error('subprocess-e2b: terminal is terminating'))
    const cleanup = this.closeAfterOperations()
    this.cleanup = cleanup
@@ -434,7 +402,9 @@ export class E2BTerminalHandle implements SubprocessTerminalHandle {
  }

  private trackOperation<T>(operation: (signal: AbortSignal) => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
-    if (this.terminating) return Promise.reject(new Error('subprocess-e2b: terminal is terminating'))
+    if (this.operationController.signal.aborted) {
+      return Promise.reject(new Error('subprocess-e2b: terminal is terminating'))
+    }
    const pending = operation(this.operationController.signal)
    this.operations.add(pending)
    void pending.then(
@@ -445,7 +415,7 @@ export class E2BTerminalHandle implements SubprocessTerminalHandle {
  }

  private async closeAfterOperations(): Promise<void> {
-    if (this.operations.size > 0) await Promise.allSettled(this.operations)
+    await Promise.allSettled(this.operations)
    await this.closeOnce()
  }

@@ -481,7 +451,7 @@ export class E2BTerminalHandle implements SubprocessTerminalHandle {
      this.terminationSignal = 'SIGKILL'
      if (!this.topLevelExited) {
        try {
-          await this.sandbox.pty.kill(this.pid)
+          await this.handle.kill()
        } catch (error: unknown) {
          if (error instanceof SandboxNotFoundError) return
          throw error
@@ -504,7 +474,7 @@ export class E2BTerminalHandle implements SubprocessTerminalHandle {
    try {
      await this.sandbox.files.remove(this.stateDir)
    } catch (_adapterPrivateStateRemovalFailure) {
-      // The terminal is quiescent; a retained sandbox tolerates private residue.
+      // The terminal is quiescent; owner teardown bounds private residue.
    }
  }
 }
@@ -531,7 +501,6 @@ export async function spawnE2BTerminal(
    environment: posix.join(stateDir, 'environment'),
    argv: posix.join(stateDir, 'argv'),
    outputMarker: posix.join(stateDir, 'output-marker'),
-    ready: posix.join(stateDir, 'ready'),
  }
  const outputMarker = Buffer.from(`dsh-e2b-bootstrap:${randomUUID()}`)
  const output = new PassThrough()
@@ -577,7 +546,6 @@ export async function spawnE2BTerminal(
    }
    const command = `exec /bin/bash ${quoteE2BShellArg(paths.runner)} ${quoteE2BShellArg(stateDir)}\r`
    await sandbox.pty.sendInput(handle.pid, Buffer.from(command), signalOpts(spec.signal))
-    await waitUntilReady(sandbox, paths, completion, spec.signal)
    await waitForBootstrapOutput(outputFilter.ready, completion, spec.signal)
    const sessionId = await terminalSessionId(sandbox, handle.pid, controlEnvs, spec.signal)
    return new E2BTerminalHandle(
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/tests/subprocess.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/tests/subprocess.spec.ts
@@ -316,7 +316,6 @@ function runtime(fake: FakeSandbox, getSandbox: () => Promise<Sandbox> = async (
  return {
    cwd: '/workspace',
    runtimeRoot: '/workspace/.dsh-e2b',
-    disposeMode: 'kill',
    getSandbox,
  } as unknown as E2BSandboxService
 }
@@ -372,8 +371,6 @@ describe('E2BOutputReader', () => {
    const overCap = new E2BOutputReader(2, 3, '/too-small')
    overCap.push(Buffer.from('abcd'))
    expect(overCap.readFrom(0)).toEqual({ text: 'cd', nextOffset: 4, lossy: true })
-    expect(() => overCap.readFrom(-1)).toThrow(/non-negative safe integer/)
-    expect(() => overCap.readFrom(1.5)).toThrow(/non-negative safe integer/)
  })
 })

@@ -1673,7 +1670,6 @@ describe('E2BSubprocessService', () => {
    expect(() => ctx.subprocess.spawn(spec({ argv: [] }))).toThrow(/non-empty program/)
    expect(() => ctx.subprocess.spawn(spec({ graceMs: 0 }))).toThrow(/positive finite/)
    expect(() => ctx.subprocess.spawn(spec({ signal: AbortSignal.abort('stop') }))).toThrow(/aborted before spawn/)
-    expect(() => ctx.subprocess.spawn(spec({ signal: { aborted: true, reason: undefined } as AbortSignal }))).toThrow(/aborted$/)
  })

  it('registers the package-owned empty invariant installer', async () => {
--- a/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/tests/terminal.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/e2b/subprocess-e2b/tests/terminal.spec.ts
@@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ class FakeTerminalSandbox {
  readonly writes = new Map<string, string>()
  createOptions: Parameters<Sandbox['pty']['create']>[0] | undefined
  ambient = 'KEEP=visible\0UNICODE=你好\0NPM_TOKEN=secret\0DSH_STALE=old\0BROKEN\0=bad\0'
-  ready: string | Error = 'ready\n'
-  readyMisses = 0
-  readyReads = 0
  sessionId = '123\n'
  foreground = '456\n'
  groups = [123]
@@ -108,12 +105,9 @@ class FakeTerminalSandbox {
  sessionGroupsFailure: unknown
  foregroundFailure: unknown
  termFailure: unknown
-  ptyKillError: unknown
  removeError: unknown
  clearOnTerm = true
  clearOnKill = true
-  settleOnPtyKill = true
-  ptyKills = 0
  resolvedExecutable = '/usr/bin/node\n'
  requestedOutput = 'requested-shell$ '
  emitOutputMarker = true
@@ -144,15 +138,6 @@ class FakeTerminalSandbox {
        if (this.writeError !== undefined) throw this.writeError
        return files.map(() => ({}))
      },
-      read: async (): Promise<string> => {
-        this.readyReads += 1
-        if (this.readyMisses > 0) {
-          this.readyMisses -= 1
-          throw new FileNotFoundError('not ready')
-        }
-        if (this.ready instanceof Error) throw this.ready
-        return this.ready
-      },
      remove: async (path: string): Promise<void> => {
        this.removed.push(path)
        if (this.removeError !== undefined) throw this.removeError
@@ -237,12 +222,6 @@ class FakeTerminalSandbox {
          }
        }
      },
-      kill: async (pid: number): Promise<boolean> => {
-        this.ptyKills += 1
-        if (this.ptyKillError !== undefined) throw this.ptyKillError
-        if (this.settleOnPtyKill) this.handle.fail(137)
-        return pid === this.handle.pid
-      },
    },
  } as unknown as Sandbox
 }
@@ -251,7 +230,6 @@ function runtime(fake: FakeTerminalSandbox): E2BSandboxService {
  return {
    cwd: '/workspace',
    runtimeRoot: '/workspace/.dsh-e2b',
-    disposeMode: 'kill',
    getSandbox: async () => fake.sandbox,
  } as unknown as E2BSandboxService
 }
@@ -284,7 +262,6 @@ function holdRequestUntilAbort(started: PromiseWithResolvers<AbortSignal>) {
 describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
  it('hides bootstrap-shell bytes and preserves requested-shell bytes across the output boundary', async () => {
    const fake = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
-    fake.readyMisses = 1
    const terminal = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(fake), spec(), '/runtime/terminal-one')
    let output = ''
    terminal.output.on('data', (chunk) => { output += String(chunk) })
@@ -417,12 +394,6 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    expect(failedInput.commands).toContain('kill -TERM -- -123')
    expect(failedInput.groups).toEqual([])

-    const exited = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
-    exited.ready = new FileNotFoundError('not ready')
-    queueMicrotask(() => { exited.handle.succeed(0) })
-    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(exited), spec(), '/runtime/exited'))
-      .rejects.toThrow('exited before publishing readiness')
-
    const invalidSession = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    invalidSession.sessionId = 'not-a-session\n'
    invalidSession.clearOnTerm = false
@@ -431,7 +402,7 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    expect(invalidSession.commands).toContain('kill -TERM -- -123')
    expect(invalidSession.commands).toContain('kill -KILL -- -123')
    expect(invalidSession.groups).toEqual([])
-    expect(invalidSession.ptyKills).toBe(1)
+    expect(invalidSession.handle.sdkKills).toBe(1)
    const lateData = invalidSession.createOptions?.onData
    if (lateData === undefined) throw new Error('missing captured terminal callback')
    expect(lateData(Buffer.from('late bytes'))).toBeUndefined()
@@ -442,12 +413,12 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(termFailed), spec(), '/runtime/term-failed'))
      .rejects.toThrow('bootstrap failed')
    expect(termFailed.commands).toContain('kill -KILL -- -123')
-    expect(termFailed.ptyKills).toBe(1)
+    expect(termFailed.handle.sdkKills).toBe(1)

    const uninspectable = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    uninspectable.sendError = new Error('bootstrap failed')
    uninspectable.sessionGroupsFailure = 'session enumeration failed'
-    uninspectable.ptyKillError = new Error('PTY kill failed')
+    uninspectable.handle.sdkKillError = new Error('PTY kill failed')
    let uninspectableFailure: unknown
    try {
      await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(uninspectable), spec(), '/runtime/uninspectable')
@@ -455,7 +426,6 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
      uninspectableFailure = error
    }
    expect(uninspectableFailure).toBeInstanceOf(AggregateError)
-    expect(uninspectable.ptyKills).toBe(1)
    expect(uninspectable.handle.sdkKills).toBe(1)

    const survivingGroups = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
@@ -468,7 +438,6 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    const survivingPid = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    survivingPid.sendError = new Error('bootstrap failed')
    survivingPid.groups = []
-    survivingPid.settleOnPtyKill = false
    survivingPid.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(survivingPid), spec({ graceMs: 1 }), '/runtime/surviving-pid'))
      .rejects.toThrow('bootstrap failed')
@@ -491,12 +460,12 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    const expiredDuringRollback = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    expiredDuringRollback.sendError = new Error('bootstrap failed before timeout')
    expiredDuringRollback.groups = []
-    expiredDuringRollback.settleOnPtyKill = false
-    expiredDuringRollback.ptyKillError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
+    expiredDuringRollback.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
+    expiredDuringRollback.handle.sdkKillError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
    expiredDuringRollback.removeError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(expiredDuringRollback), spec(), '/runtime/expired-rollback'))
      .rejects.toThrow('bootstrap failed before timeout')
-    expect(expiredDuringRollback.ptyKills).toBe(1)
+    expect(expiredDuringRollback.handle.sdkKills).toBe(1)

    const expiredBeforeSdkRollback = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    expiredBeforeSdkRollback.handle.waitError = new Error('wait failed after timeout')
@@ -505,15 +474,6 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(expiredBeforeSdkRollback), spec(), '/runtime/expired-sdk-rollback'))
      .rejects.toThrow('wait failed after timeout')

-    const expiredDuringSdkFallback = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
-    expiredDuringSdkFallback.sendError = new Error('bootstrap failed before SDK fallback')
-    expiredDuringSdkFallback.groups = []
-    expiredDuringSdkFallback.settleOnPtyKill = false
-    expiredDuringSdkFallback.handle.sdkKillError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
-    expiredDuringSdkFallback.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
-    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(expiredDuringSdkFallback), spec(), '/runtime/expired-sdk-fallback'))
-      .rejects.toThrow('bootstrap failed before SDK fallback')
-
    const missingDuringDisconnect = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    missingDuringDisconnect.sendError = new Error('bootstrap failed before disconnect')
    missingDuringDisconnect.handle.disconnectError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
@@ -537,10 +497,6 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(createFailed), spec(), '/runtime/create'))
      .rejects.toThrow('create failed')

-    const readFailed = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
-    readFailed.ready = new Error('ready transport failed')
-    await expect(spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(readFailed), spec(), '/runtime/read'))
-      .rejects.toThrow('ready transport failed')
  })

  it('bounds a missing bootstrap-output boundary by process exit or cancellation', async () => {
@@ -560,7 +516,6 @@ describe('E2B terminal allocation', () => {
      '/runtime/cancel-output-boundary',
    )
    await vi.waitFor(() => { expect(cancelled.inputs).toHaveLength(1) })
-    await vi.waitFor(() => { expect(cancelled.readyReads).toBeGreaterThan(0) })
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0))
    controller.abort(new Error('cancel output boundary'))
    await expect(cancelling).rejects.toThrow('cancel output boundary')
@@ -661,23 +616,23 @@ describe('E2B terminal lifecycle', () => {
  it('treats sandbox disappearance during PTY kill as quiescent', async () => {
    const fake = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    fake.groups = []
-    fake.settleOnPtyKill = false
-    fake.ptyKillError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
+    fake.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
+    fake.handle.sdkKillError = new SandboxNotFoundError('sandbox expired')
    const terminal = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(fake), spec({ graceMs: 1 }), '/runtime/expired-pty-kill')

    await terminal.terminate()
-    expect(fake.ptyKills).toBe(1)
+    expect(fake.handle.sdkKills).toBe(1)
  })

  it('propagates a non-missing PTY kill failure', async () => {
    const fake = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    fake.groups = []
-    fake.settleOnPtyKill = false
-    fake.ptyKillError = new Error('PTY kill transport failed')
+    fake.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
+    fake.handle.sdkKillError = new Error('PTY kill transport failed')
    const terminal = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(fake), spec({ graceMs: 1 }), '/runtime/failed-pty-kill')

    await expect(terminal.terminate()).rejects.toThrow('PTY kill transport failed')
-    fake.ptyKillError = undefined
+    fake.handle.sdkKillError = undefined
    fake.handle.succeed(0)
    await terminal.done
    await terminal.terminate()
@@ -712,11 +667,11 @@ describe('E2B terminal lifecycle', () => {
    await terminal.terminate()
  })

-  it('escalates surviving process groups', async () => {
+  it('sends KILL before checking an expired force-cleanup deadline', async () => {
    const fake = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    fake.groups = [123, 456]
    fake.clearOnTerm = false
-    const terminal = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(fake), spec({ graceMs: 1 }), '/runtime/escalate')
+    const terminal = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(fake), spec({ graceMs: 0 }), '/runtime/escalate')
    const terminating = terminal.terminate()
    await expect(terminal.done).resolves.toEqual({ exitCode: null, signal: 'SIGKILL' })
    await terminating
@@ -771,11 +726,11 @@ describe('E2B terminal lifecycle', () => {
  it('keeps a late command rejection authoritative after PTY kill', async () => {
    const fake = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    fake.groups = []
-    fake.settleOnPtyKill = false
+    fake.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
    const terminal = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(fake), spec({ graceMs: 1 }), '/runtime/reject-after-kill')
    terminal.output.on('error', () => {})
    const cleanup = terminal.terminate()
-    while (fake.ptyKills === 0) await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0))
+    while (fake.handle.sdkKills === 0) await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0))
    await Promise.resolve()
    fake.handle.crash(new Error('late command transport failed'))
    await expect(terminal.done).rejects.toThrow('late command transport failed')
@@ -791,7 +746,7 @@ describe('E2B terminal lifecycle', () => {

    const livePid = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
    livePid.groups = []
-    livePid.settleOnPtyKill = false
+    livePid.handle.settleOnSdkKill = false
    const live = await spawnE2BTerminal(runtime(livePid), spec({ graceMs: 1 }), '/runtime/live-pid')
    await expect(live.terminate()).rejects.toThrow('surviving pid: 123')
    livePid.handle.succeed(0)
@@ -879,13 +834,13 @@ describe('E2B subprocess terminal service', () => {
    expect(fake.removed.some(path => path.includes('/terminals/'))).toBe(true)
  })

-  it('aborts and rolls back terminal setup that cannot publish readiness during disposal', async () => {
+  it('aborts and rolls back terminal setup that cannot publish its output boundary during disposal', async () => {
    const fake = new FakeTerminalSandbox()
-    fake.ready = new FileNotFoundError('not ready')
+    fake.emitOutputMarker = false
    const { ctx, fiber } = await service(fake)
    const spawning = ctx.subprocess.spawnTerminal(spec())
    const rejected = expect(spawning).rejects.toThrow('service disposed during terminal setup')
-    await vi.waitFor(() => { expect(fake.readyReads).toBeGreaterThan(0) })
+    await vi.waitFor(() => { expect(fake.inputs).toHaveLength(1) })

    await fiber.dispose()
    await rejected