# Agent Note: Bilingual documentation via paired sibling files and a pairing gate

Status: implemented

English | [中文](2026-07-02-bilingual-docs-and-pairing-gate.zh.md)

## Problem

This repo's documentation corpus is read by people and agents inside and outside the company, in both English and Chinese. Maintaining a second language by hand, with no mechanism, is how translations rot: one side moves on, the other silently lies, and no gate notices. The repo's standing answer to invariants of this kind is to encode them as a mechanical check (see [quality gates](2026-06-11-quality-gates.md) and [doc-sync enforcement](../../archived/process/2026-06-11-doc-sync-enforcement.md)), so the bilingual policy ships with one.

## Decision

- **Paired sibling files with equal authority.** A documentation pair is three sibling files: English `foo.md`, Chinese `foo.zh.md`, and a consistency record `foo.i18n.yaml`. Neither language is canonical — a document may be authored and reviewed Chinese-first and translated to English afterwards, or the reverse; what binds the pair is that both sides must say the same thing, and pairs merge whole (both languages plus the record, never one alone). Policy: [docs/i18n/README.md](../../../../docs/i18n/README.md); translation rules: [docs/i18n/translation-rules.md](../../../../docs/i18n/translation-rules.md); terminology source of truth: [docs/i18n/terminology.md](../../../../docs/i18n/terminology.md).
- **A sidecar record of both blob hashes makes consistency checkable.** `foo.i18n.yaml` holds the full git blob hash of each side as of the last confirmed-consistent state. An edit to either side without re-confirming the pair is then mechanically detectable as a pure content comparison — no history lookup — and the hashes are computable for files edited in the same PR, which a commit-hash record is not. Re-recording (`verify-translation-pairing --write <pair>`, which requires naming the confirmed pairs — bulk re-record is an explicit `--write --all`) produces a reviewable yaml diff: confirming consistency is an explicit, visible act in the PR.
- **`verify-translation-pairing` joins `doc-sync`.** The gate ([scripts/verify-translation-pairing.ts](../../../../scripts/verify-translation-pairing.ts)) enforces: every discovered, non-excluded source has a complete pair; every existing pair is complete (all three files) and consistent (both hashes match, the Chinese side and every authored English source carry their switchers while listed generated English sources are exempt, structural signatures identical); and excluded generated, instruction, or bilingual-by-construction files stay unpaired. [scripts/translation-pairing.manifest.json](../../../../scripts/translation-pairing.manifest.json) contains only explicit exclusions, so no requirement can bypass discovery and receive a weaker check. Source-oriented code gates consume a `.zh.md` fence sequence as a derivative only when its unsuffixed sibling has the same tracked fences in the same order with byte-identical bodies; an incomplete, reordered, reclassified, or changed sequence stays independent, so the owning code gate or pairing gate reports the mismatch.
- **One corpus-wide requirement.** Every document in scope requires a complete pair from creation; the policy has no per-file rollout state, date cutoff, or README-specific class. README discovery covers every case-insensitive README basename outside vendored, dependency, and ignored build-output trees, including future top-level directories. A site-published pair uses `pairedPages()` so the root locale projects `.zh.md` and `/en/` projects `.md`; creating a counterpart alone does not publish it.
- **Pairing records are metadata, not Cordis Loader configuration.** Cordis configuration discovery accepts actual `.cordis.yml` and `.cordis.yaml` files while excluding `*.i18n.yaml`, even when the document name contains `cordis`. This preserves validation of executable Loader entries without parsing translation hashes as configuration.
- **Translation is agent work with human review.** Routine changes use the direct one-pass path owned by the [lightweight-translation decision](2026-08-08-lightweight-routine-documentation-translation.md). The [extended translation skill](../../../skills/dsh-translate-docs/SKILL.md) retains delegated translation and the other heavier mechanisms for explicit user invocation; both paths defer to the documentation contracts as their sources of truth.

## Verification

The verification contract covers each boundary independently. `verify-translation-pairing` pins pair completeness, hashes, switchers, and structure; [`project-doc-site.spec.ts`](../../../../scripts/project-doc-site.spec.ts) pins locale-specific source selection for published pairs; [`cordis-config-files.spec.ts`](../../../../scripts/cordis-config-files.spec.ts) pins discovery of Loader YAML and exclusion of translation records; and the [translation-prompt runnable snapshot](../../../../scripts/translation-prompt.snapshot.ts) pins the rendered system message, five reviewed example pairs, source request, and consumed response. Together these checks make pair drift, publication drift, configuration misclassification, and model-visible prompt drift review-visible.

## Alternatives considered

- **English as the canonical source with a fingerprint inside the translation** — `.zh.md` files would carry an HTML comment recording the English source's blob hash, and translation would flow EN → ZH only. Rejected: the team wants Chinese-first authoring (write and review a Chinese Agent Note, then translate to English) with the two languages holding equal authority, which a one-directional canonical model cannot express. The sidecar record covering BOTH sides replaced the in-file one-directional fingerprint; the blob-hash mechanics survived unchanged.
- **Locale directories (`docs/en/` + `docs/zh/`, the Kubernetes/ECharts model)** — rejected: this repo has no docs-site framework to map locales to routes, moving every English file would churn every existing cross-reference, and `verify-md-links`/`verify-doc-refs` would need path-mapping logic instead of working unchanged.
- **A separate translation repo (the PingCAP `docs`/`docs-cn` model)** — rejected: right for a docs product with independent release trains, overkill for a monorepo's own documentation; it also puts the translation outside the reach of this repo's gates.
- **Interleaved bilingual files (single file, both languages)** — rejected: doubles every diff, breaks the one-line-per-paragraph convention's diff ergonomics, and makes partial inconsistency invisible.
- **Commit-hash records (the MDN `l10n.sourceCommit` model)** — rejected in favor of blob hashes: a same-PR edit has no commit hash yet, so the MDN model cannot express "consistent as of the state this PR introduces", and verifying it requires git history instead of file content.
- **Comparing git timestamps of the pair (no record)** — rejected: formatting-only edits would false-positive, and a counterpart committed after an unrelated edit would false-negative; content identity is the only signal that means what the gate claims.

## Industry precedent

Paired sibling files with locale suffixes are the dominant Chinese big-tech convention (ant-design `index.zh-CN.md`/`index.en-US.md`; arco-design `README.zh-CN.md` with a top-of-file switcher; Apache ShardingSphere's 387 `.cn.md`/`.en.md` pairs) — but none of those repos *enforce* pairing or consistency in CI; the convention holds by review alone. Consistency automation exists outside China: MDN's `l10n.sourceCommit` front-matter fingerprint, Vue's Ryu-Cho action (upstream-commit watcher that opens issues/PRs for stale translations), Kubernetes' localization drift scripts, and Microsoft's Azure co-op-translator (source-hash-driven LLM re-translation in CI). This design combines the two: the Chinese-ecosystem file layout with a hash-pair gate, plus an agent-run workflow in place of a bot service.

## Consequences

- Editing either side of a paired document obligates the same PR to update the counterpart and re-record the pair — the gate makes the doc-sync rule bilingual, and CI (not reviewer memory) carries the invariant.
- Every pair adds a third file to the tree. The record is machine-written (`--write`), so the cost is directory noise, not maintenance effort; in exchange, "who confirmed these consistent, and when" is answerable from git blame on the yaml.
- When the two sides disagree, no mechanical rule picks a winner — the PR review does. That is the price of equal authority, accepted deliberately: the alternative (a canonical language) forbids Chinese-first authoring.
- Generated English documents remain derived from source and freshness-gated by their owning generators. A generated page with a reviewed Chinese counterpart participates in the three-file pairing workflow, with one structural exception: the generated English source has no language switcher because adding one would make the generator stale, while the Chinese counterpart links back to it. Generated pages without a reviewed counterpart remain explicit exclusions and use an English website projection.
- The exclusions-only manifest makes every current and future in-scope document mandatory through the same path. There is no explicit requirement, cutoff, or class entry that can fall outside discovery while appearing enforced.
- The recorded hashes double as the update tool: [gen-translation-brief](2026-07-26-briefed-minimal-translation-updates.md) recovers either side's last-confirmed text from them and assembles the minimal-update briefing, so re-translation of whole files is never forced by the mechanism.
