feat: allow deleting default categories once they have no transactions

Раньше стандартные категории нельзя было удалить вообще. Теперь можно —
если у категории нет ни одной обычной транзакции, ни строки сплита с
ней. Пользовательские категории удаляются как и раньше, без проверок.

- delete_category() проверяет Transaction.category_id и
  TransactionSplit.category_id для стандартных категорий перед
  удалением.
- Кнопка удаления в списке категорий больше не блокируется заранее для
  стандартных — бэкенд решает, бейдж «стандартная» остался чисто
  информационным.
- При отказе (400) показывается понятное сообщение вместо тихого
  игнорирования клика.

backend/app/api/routes/categories.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 from app.api.deps import get_session
 from app.models.category import Category
 from app.models.enums import CategoryKind
+from app.models.transaction import Transaction, TransactionSplit
 from app.schemas.category import CategoryCreate, CategoryRead, CategoryUpdate
 
 router = APIRouter(prefix="/categories", tags=["categories"])
@@ -75,6 +76,21 @@ async def delete_category(category_id: int, session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_
     if category is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Category not found")
     if category.is_default:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Default categories cannot be deleted")
+        # A default (seeded) category can be removed once it's unused — but
+        # never while transactions still point at it, or a whole year's
+        # worth of history would silently lose its category (the FK is
+        # ON DELETE SET NULL, so nothing would error, it would just vanish
+        # from every report). A custom category has no such guard: the user
+        # created it and can freely delete it, same as before.
+        has_transaction = (
+            await session.execute(select(Transaction.id).where(Transaction.category_id == category_id).limit(1))
+        ).first()
+        has_split = (
+            await session.execute(select(TransactionSplit.id).where(TransactionSplit.category_id == category_id).limit(1))
+        ).first()
+        if has_transaction is not None or has_split is not None:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=400, detail="Default categories can only be deleted once they have no transactions"
+            )
     await session.delete(category)
     await session.commit()

backend/tests/test_categories.py

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 """Category subcategories (parent_id): creation rules and the one-level-deep
-invariant enforced in api/routes/categories.py.
+invariant enforced in api/routes/categories.py. Also default-category
+deletion: a seeded category can be removed once nothing references it, but
+never while it still has transactions.
 """
 from httpx import AsyncClient
 
+from tests.helpers import txn_payload as _txn
+
 
 async def test_create_subcategory_under_top_level_category(client: AsyncClient, categories):
     groceries = categories["Groceries"]["id"]
@@ -52,8 +56,9 @@ async def test_a_category_with_subcategories_cannot_itself_become_a_subcategory(
 
 
 async def test_deleting_a_parent_leaves_children_as_top_level(client: AsyncClient, categories):
-    # A default category can't be deleted at all (separate rule) — use a
-    # fresh, non-default parent so this test isolates the parent/child rule.
+    # A default category with transactions can't be deleted (separate rule,
+    # tested below) — use a fresh, non-default parent so this test isolates
+    # the parent/child rule.
     parent = await client.post("/categories", json={"name": "Custom Parent", "kind": "expense", "color": "#e34948"})
     parent_id = parent.json()["id"]
     created = await client.post(
@@ -67,3 +72,65 @@ async def test_deleting_a_parent_leaves_children_as_top_level(client: AsyncClien
     refetched = await client.get("/categories")
     child = next(c for c in refetched.json() if c["id"] == child_id)
     assert child["parent_id"] is None
+
+
+async def test_default_category_with_no_transactions_can_be_deleted(client: AsyncClient, categories):
+    groceries = categories["Groceries"]["id"]
+    assert categories["Groceries"]["is_default"] is True
+
+    resp = await client.delete(f"/categories/{groceries}")
+    assert resp.status_code == 204
+
+    refetched = await client.get("/categories")
+    assert groceries not in [c["id"] for c in refetched.json()]
+
+
+async def test_default_category_with_a_transaction_cannot_be_deleted(client: AsyncClient, account_id, categories):
+    groceries = categories["Groceries"]["id"]
+    await client.post("/transactions", json=_txn(account_id, category_id=groceries))
+
+    resp = await client.delete(f"/categories/{groceries}")
+    assert resp.status_code == 400
+
+    refetched = await client.get("/categories")
+    assert groceries in [c["id"] for c in refetched.json()]
+
+
+async def test_default_category_used_only_by_a_split_line_cannot_be_deleted(client: AsyncClient, account_id, categories):
+    groceries = categories["Groceries"]["id"]
+    sweets = (
+        await client.post(
+            "/categories", json={"name": "Sweets", "kind": "expense", "color": "#7a869a", "parent_id": groceries}
+        )
+    ).json()["id"]
+    await client.post(
+        "/transactions",
+        json=_txn(
+            account_id,
+            amount="100.00",
+            category_id=None,
+            splits=[
+                {"category_id": groceries, "amount": "70.00"},
+                {"category_id": sweets, "amount": "30.00"},
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    resp = await client.delete(f"/categories/{groceries}")
+    assert resp.status_code == 400
+
+
+async def test_default_category_becomes_deletable_once_its_transaction_is_removed(
+    client: AsyncClient, account_id, categories
+):
+    groceries = categories["Groceries"]["id"]
+    created = await client.post("/transactions", json=_txn(account_id, category_id=groceries))
+    txn_id = created.json()["id"]
+
+    blocked = await client.delete(f"/categories/{groceries}")
+    assert blocked.status_code == 400
+
+    assert (await client.delete(f"/transactions/{txn_id}")).status_code == 204
+
+    resp = await client.delete(f"/categories/{groceries}")
+    assert resp.status_code == 204